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In this systematic review, our objective was to assess the diagnostic performance of the swab technique in detecting\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We followed the PRISMA guidelines and searched four databases for studies comparing the efficacy of swabs or sweeping techniques in detecting\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Outcomes were diagnostic accuracy measures, such as sensitivity and specificity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four studies with 658 patients were included. Compared to conventional diagnosis methods, overall sensitivity was 0.93, with a 95% CI (0.85; 0.97). A confusion matrix was used to summarize the previously mentioned results. Gastric swabs reported a high sensitivity of 93.7%, with a high number of true positives\u2009=\u2009285. However, test specificity is moderate (74.1%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results indicate that gastric swab-based RUT may be helpful as an initial diagnostic test, specifically if a biopsy is difficult. More studies with large sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04576-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:33:02Z","timestamp":1774567982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of swab-based RUT in detecting H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Abdelaziz A.","family":"Awad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Aldemerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma M.","family":"El-Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Emara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar A.","family":"Balouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Narouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa A.","family":"Elmarzouky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira A.","family":"Albawri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara M.","family":"Harash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bahnasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","volume":"153","author":"JKY Hooi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, et al. 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