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The analysis was based on 457,958 participants aged 37\u201373 years from the UK-Biobank prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The baseline examination started 2006 and the participants were followed up until 2019\u20132023 (median follow-up time 13.52 years [interquartile range12.62\u201314.27]). Depression at baseline and incident GERD at follow-up were defined through sources of the British health system (ICD-codes) and self-report. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression models were used for analysis. Formal tests for interaction with sex and age were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants who developed GERD during follow-up were characterized by an unhealthier lifestyle and more comorbidities than individuals without GERD. In multivariable analysis, depression was associated with incident GERD (Hazard ratio 1.51 [1.46,1.55];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The association decreased with increasing age. There was no interaction with sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression and its psycho-physiological consequences may be associated with the development of GERD, in particular in middle-aged people. Consequently, increased attention of the treating physicians regarding an increased risk of GERD in depressed persons is important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04591-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:54:40Z","timestamp":1767912880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Depression and risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD): results from the UK Biobank study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6511-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Reizner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Freuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Linseisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Meisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62795-1","volume":"10","author":"JS Nirwan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nirwan JS, Hasan SS, Babar Z-U-D, Conway BR, Ghori MU. 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