{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:31:42Z","timestamp":1777984302849,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:53:24Z","timestamp":1773795204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of undiagnosed dyspepsia, associated factors, and its relationship with quality of life among undergraduate health program students at Makerere University in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shamim","family":"Nabidda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine Atuhurra","family":"Kabahinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wagaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derrick","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Atwebembeire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Happy","family":"Unith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Marvin","family":"Kanyike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Edrisa","family":"Mutebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark Kaddu","family":"Mukasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Kalyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16006","volume":"52","author":"B Barberio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barberio B, Mahadeva S, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC. Systematic review with meta\u2010analysis: global prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia according to the Rome criteria. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52(5):762\u201373.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01498.x","volume":"17","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koloski NA, Talley N, Huskic S, Boyce P. Predictors of conventional and alternative health care seeking for irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(6):841\u201351.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0723-5","volume":"18","author":"A Seid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seid A, Tamir Z, Demsiss W. Uninvestigated dyspepsia and associated factors of patients with gastrointestinal disorders in Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_168_24","volume":"13","author":"A Al-Dalaeen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Dalaeen A, Batarseh N, Al-Bashabsheh Z, B AL, Batarseh D, Karablieh A. Stress levels and eating behavior among university students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. J Educ Health Promot. 2024;13:285.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"3","key":"4736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rgmxen.2017.05.009","volume":"83","author":"L Talledo-Ulfe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talledo-Ulfe L, Buitrago O, Filorio Y, Casanova F, Campos L, Cort\u00e9s F, et al. Factors associated with uninvestigated dyspepsia in students at 4 Latin American schools of medicine: a multicenter study. Revista de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico (English Edition). 2018;83(3):215\u201322.","journal-title":"Revista de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico (English Edition)"},{"key":"4736_CR6","unstructured":"Odwee A. Prevalence and characterisation of dyspepsia among college students of Kampala International University Western Campus. 2014."},{"key":"4736_CR7","unstructured":"Olecki E, Ssentongo P, Keeney L, Perez-Holguin R, Stahl K, Wong W, et al. Risk factors for dyspepsia in Sub-Saharan Africa: A community-based study and multivariable predictive model. Penn State Journal of Medicine. 2021;2."},{"issue":"4","key":"4736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1159\/000518394","volume":"40","author":"L Macke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macke L, Schulz C, Malfertheiner P. The fear of gastric cancer in patients with dyspepsia: challenge in specialist care gastroenterology. Dig Dis. 2022;40(4):409\u201316.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04640.x","volume":"33","author":"P Aro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aro P, Talley NJ, Agr\u00e9us L, Johansson SE, Bolling-Sternevald E, Storskrubb T, et al. Functional dyspepsia impairs quality of life in the adult population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(11):1215\u201324.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas M. Quality of life, conceptualization. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research: Springer; 2024. p. 5747\u201351.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17299-1_3456"},{"key":"4736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2024.111834","volume":"183","author":"J Overs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Overs J, Morgan S, Apputhurai P, Tuck C, Knowles SR. Comparing the prevalence and association between anxiety, depression and gastrointestinal symptoms in gastroparesis versus functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosomatic Res. 2024;183:111834.","journal-title":"J Psychosomatic Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307843","volume":"64","author":"AC Ford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ford AC, Marwaha A, Sood R, Moayyedi P. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, uninvestigated dyspepsia: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2015;64(7):1049\u201357.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S287928","volume":"25","author":"J Kajjimu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kajjimu J, Kaggwa MM, Bongomin F. Burnout and associated factors among medical students in a public university in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2021;25:63\u201375.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241275868","volume":"39","author":"AC Yalim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yalim AC, Daly K, Bailey M, Kay D, Zhu X, Patel M, et al. Wellness and stress management practices among healthcare professionals and health professional students. Am J Health Promot. 2025;39(2):204\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.113","volume":"5","author":"SB Amanya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amanya SB, Nakitende J, Ngabirano TD. A cross\u2010sectional study of stress and its sources among health professional students at Makerere University, Uganda. Nurs Open. 2018;5(1):70\u20136.","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"4736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07260-3","volume":"67","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamoto Y, Furukawa S, Watanabe J, Kato A, Kusumoto K, Miyake T, et al. Positive association between sleep disturbance and prevalence of functional dyspepsia in Japanese young people. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(8):3929\u201337.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4736_CR17","first-page":"JC13","volume":"8","author":"S Basandra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Basandra S, Bajaj D. Epidemiology of dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in medical students of Northern India. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2014;8(12):JC13.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rgmxen.2017.05.009","volume":"83","author":"L Talledo-Ulfe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talledo-Ulfe L, Buitrago OD, Filorio Y, Casanova F, Campos L, Cort\u00e9s F, et al. Factors associated with uninvestigated dyspepsia in students at 4 Latin American schools of medicine: a multicenter study. Revista de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico (English Edition). 2018;83(3):215\u201322.","journal-title":"Revista de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico (English Edition)"},{"issue":"13","key":"4736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3649","volume":"20","author":"M Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li M, Lu B, Chu L, Zhou H, Chen MY. Prevalence and characteristics of dyspepsia among college students in Zhejiang Province. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(13):3649\u201354.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4736_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"I Paliy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paliy I, Zaika S, Chernova I, Kapitun A, Shemeta M. Dyspepsia in medical university students and general practitioners. Family Medicine European Practices\/S\u00ecmejna Medicina \u00cavropejs\u2019 k\u00ec Praktiki. 2025;1:1.","journal-title":"Family Medicine European Practices\/S\u00ecmejna Medicina \u00cavropejs' k\u00ec Praktiki"},{"issue":"5","key":"4736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad024","volume":"52","author":"S Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu S, Yang Z, Yuan C, Liu S, Zhang Q, Zhang S, et al. Coffee and tea intake with long-term risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52(5):1459\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0723-5","volume":"18","author":"A Seid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seid A, Tamir Z, Demsiss W. Uninvestigated dyspepsia and associated factors of patients with gastrointestinal disorders in Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18(1):13.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030006052093970","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520939702","volume":"48","author":"Z-p Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Z-p, Wang K, Duan Y-h, Yang G. Correlation between lifestyle and social factors in functional dyspepsia among college freshmen. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(8):0300060520939702.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020253","volume":"11","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang P, Zhang X. Tea polyphenols: a natural antioxidant regulates gut flora to protect the intestinal mucosa and prevent chronic diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(2):253.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620916680","volume":"8","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koloski NA, Jones M, Walker MM, Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia is associated with lower exercise levels: a population-based study. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2020;8(5):577\u201383.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-03072-z","volume":"23","author":"Z Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei Z, Yang Y, Du T, Hao Y, Liu N, Gu Y, et al. Exercise is inversely associated with functional dyspepsia among a sample of Chinese male armed police recruits. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):430.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-03072-z","volume":"23","author":"Z Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei Z, Yang Y, Du T, Hao Y, Liu N, Gu Y, et al. Exercise is inversely associated with functional dyspepsia among a sample of Chinese male armed police recruits. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):430.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.03.007","volume":"13","author":"C Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu C, Wang T, Gao Y, Jiao Y, Jiang H, Bian Y, et al. Association between physical activity and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2024;13(5):687\u201398.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR29","first-page":"192","volume":"5","author":"N Jaber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaber N, Oudah M, Kowatli A, Jibril J, Baig I, Mathew E, et al. Dietary and lifestyle factors associated with dyspepsia among pre-clinical medical students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Cent Asian J Glob Health. 2016;5(1):192.","journal-title":"Cent Asian J Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"4736_CR30","first-page":"1339","volume":"85","author":"GH Elta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elta GH, Behler EM, Colturi TJ. Comparison of coffee intake and coffee-induced symptoms in patients with duodenal ulcer, nonulcer dyspepsia, and normal controls. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85(10):1339\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4736_CR31","first-page":"6","volume":"13","author":"H Al Huda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Huda H, Marfianti E, Kurniawan NU, Ihsana N. The effect of coffee consumption pattern on the incidence of dyspepsia in medical faculty students. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal). 2024;13:6.","journal-title":"Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal)"},{"issue":"18","key":"4736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197510302931803","volume":"293","author":"S Cohen","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cohen S, Booth GH Jr. Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(18):897\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81670-x","volume":"14","author":"G Koochakpoor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koochakpoor G, Salari-Moghaddam A, Keshteli AH, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Association between coffee and caffeine intake and functional dyspepsia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):31690.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514004140","volume":"113","author":"AH Keshteli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Zaribaf F, Feinle-Bisset C, Talley NJ, et al. Patterns of dietary behaviours identified by latent class analysis are associated with chronic uninvestigated dyspepsia. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(5):803\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00743","volume":"8","author":"DD Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng DD, He C, Ai HH, Huang Y, Lu NH. The possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:743.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.6.843","volume":"34","author":"S Chari","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chari S, Teyssen S, Singer MV. Alcohol and gastric acid secretion in humans. Gut. 1993;34(6):843\u20137.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR37","first-page":"76","volume":"21","author":"C Bode","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bode C, Bode JC. Alcohol\u2019s role in gastrointestinal tract disorders. Alcohol Health Res World. 1997;21(1):76\u201383.","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"issue":"6","key":"4736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90252-6","volume":"93","author":"MV Singer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Singer MV, Leffmann C, Eysselein VE, Calden H, Goebell H. Action of ethanol and some alcoholic beverages on gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin in humans. Gastroenterology. 1987;93(6):1247\u201354.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.519","volume":"112","author":"NJ Talley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Talley NJ. Moving away from focussing on gastric pathophysiology in functional dyspepsia: new insights and therapeutic implications. Official J Am College Gastroenterol ACG. 2017;112(1):141\u20134.","journal-title":"Official J Am College Gastroenterol ACG"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm21076","volume":"28","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamoto Y, Furukawa S, Watanabe J, Kato A, Kusumoto K, Takeshita E, et al. Association between body mass index and functional dyspepsia in young Japanese people. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;28(2):276.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"4736_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford AC, Moayyedi P. Dyspepsia. BMJ. 2013;347.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5059"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm17098","volume":"24","author":"SY Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SY, Lee SK, Choe JW, Jung SW, Hyun JJ, Koo JS, et al. Self-reported sleep impairment in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;24(2):280.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"8","key":"4736_CR43","first-page":"e66098","volume":"16","author":"A Billey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Billey A, Saleem A, Zeeshan B, Dissanayake G, Zergaw MF, Elgendy M, et al. The bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and functional dyspepsia: a systematic review to understand mechanisms and implications on management. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66098.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm17098","volume":"24","author":"SY Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SY, Choung RS, Lee SK, Choe JW, Jung SW, Hyun JJ, et al. Self-reported sleep impairment in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;24(2):280\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"4736_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.47.107.36151","volume":"47","author":"O Egbo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Egbo O, Omuemu C, Okeke E, Egbo OH, Mokogwu N. Health-related quality of life in patients with dyspepsia presenting at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, South-South Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2024;47:107.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"4736_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.47.107.36151","volume":"47","author":"O Egbo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Egbo O, Omuemu C, Okeke E, Egbo OH, Mokogwu N. Health-related quality of life in patients with dyspepsia presenting at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, South-South Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2024;47:107.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T01:02:49Z","timestamp":1777251769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04736-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8112225\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Makerere University School of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (Mak- SOMREC-2024\u20131202) and informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all the participants. The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal's author guidelines page, have been adhered to.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}