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Deeper sedation has been associated with more successful cannulation, but little is known about the effectiveness of ERCP, measured as rate of retained CBDS, depending on the level of sedation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational population-based cohort study data on 121 252 ERCP procedures were retrieved from the Swedish Register for Gallstone Surgery and ERCP (Gallriks). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for retained CBDS 12 months after CBDS removal were estimated. Retained CBDS was defined as reintervention with ERCP finding a CBDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General endotracheal anaesthesia (GEA) was associated with 27% lower odds for retained CBDS compared to light endoscopist-directed conscious sedation (EDCS) after adjusting for confounding factors. Adjusted OR for GEA was 0.73 (CI 0.66\u20130.80), for anaesthetist-directed propofol sedation (monitored anaesthesia care) (ADPS (MAC)) 0.84 (CI 0.76\u20130.93), and for endoscopist-directed propofol sedation (EDPS) 0.83 (CI 0.72\u20130.95). Pairwise comparison revealed a 13% (OR 0.87 CI 0.77\u20130.99) reduction of odds in favour of GEA compared to ADPS (MAC), but no significant difference compared to EDPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An association was observed between deeper sedation and lower odds of retained CBDS compared to EDCS, with a marginal benefit of GEA over ADPS (MAC). Safety outcomes were not assessed, and findings are subject to unmeasured confounding why no causal conclusion can be made.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-026-04742-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T09:32:52Z","timestamp":1774085572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deeper sedation during ERCP is associated with fewer retained common bile duct stones: a prospective population-based register study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eyvind","family":"Liljegren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Sverd\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"\u00d6sterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Enochsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Sandblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"4742_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0862-0346","volume":"51","author":"G Manes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manes G, Paspatis G, Aabakken L, Anderloni A, Arvanitakis M, Ah-Soune P, et al. 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All patients leave informed consent to participate in the register and studies conducted on the data in the register upon scheduling of the ERCP procedure. They are all allowed to withdraw that consent at any time [\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors Declaration of conflict of interest: Eyvind Liljegren\t- No conflicts of interest to declare. Emma Sverd\u00e9n- No conflicts of interest to declare. Lars Enochsson - No conflicts of interest to declare. Johanna \u00d6sterberg -Lectures and workshops: For Ethicon, Baxter and M\u00f6lnlycke. Has no relation to this article. Payments for 3 single lectures\/workshops past 36 months. Board member in Swedish Register for Gallstone Surgery and ERCP (GallRiks)Unpaid. Board member in Swedish Register for (Inguinal) Hernia Surgery (Sv Br\u00e5ckregistret), UnpaidGabriel Sandblom. Board member in Swedish Register for Gallstone Surgery and ERCP (GallRiks)Unpaid.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"212"}}