{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T02:15:25Z","timestamp":1783563325372,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T02:51:57Z","timestamp":1779072717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence models in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01021-z","volume":"22","author":"YH Yeo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yeo YH, et al. Current and emerging strategies for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;22(3):173\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4927_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02075-w","volume":"10","author":"J Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: signaling pathways and therapeutic advances. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2025;10(1):35.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"4927_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-25-00198","volume":"21","author":"NK Kushwaha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kushwaha NK, Sreenath ND. From Present to Future: The Shifting Paradigm of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JCO Oncol Pract. 2025;21(9):1218\u201320.","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"4927_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714314","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1714314","volume":"17","author":"J Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Prognostic value of lymphatic vessel density in the capsule of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for postoperative recurrence risk. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1714314.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4927_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S544589","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Q, et al. Tumor Compression of the Hepatic or Portal Vein Predicts the Presence of Microvascular Invasion and Satellite Nodules in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2025;12:2055\u201367.","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"key":"4927_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S556306","volume":"12","author":"W Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo W, et al. Impact of Middle Hepatic Vein Resection During Hemihepatectomy on Surgical Outcomes and Long-Term Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2025;12:2681\u201392.","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"4927_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.02.006","volume":"36","author":"GC ESMO","year":"2025","unstructured":"GC ESMO, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up\u2606. Ann Oncol. 2025;36(5):491\u2013506.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"4927_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S228","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0824","volume":"31","author":"SY Hwang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hwang SY, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: updates on epidemiology, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025;31(Suppl):S228\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4927_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.2025.02.03","volume":"25","author":"H Shin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shin H, Yu SJ. A concise review of updated global guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2017\u20132024. J liver cancer. 2025;25(1):19\u201330.","journal-title":"J liver cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"4927_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2024.0161","volume":"25","author":"SH Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi SH, et al. LI-RADS: Current Status and Future Directions. Korean J Radiol. 2024;25(12):1039\u201346.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4927_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2024.08.001","volume":"28","author":"S Afyouni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afyouni S, et al. State-of-the-art imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2024;28(10):1717\u201325.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"4927_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70460","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70460","volume":"6","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Chang W, Zhang Y. Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis and Management of Cancers: Potentials and Challenges. MedComm. 2025;6(11):e70460.","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"4927_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1713887","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1713887","volume":"12","author":"J Rao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rao J, Li Y, Leng K. Artificial intelligence in hepatocellular carcinoma screening: applications and challenges. Front Med. 2026;12:p1713887.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4927_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-025-01681-3","volume":"27","author":"W Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang W, et al. Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ctDNA as a Potential Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis. Curr Oncol Rep. 2025;27(6):791\u2013802.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"4927_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16663","volume":"39","author":"OP Chatzipanagiotou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chatzipanagiotou OP, et al. Artificial intelligence in hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis: a comprehensive review of current literature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;39(10):1994\u20132005.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4927_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-025-01853-y","volume":"44","author":"J Younger","year":"2026","unstructured":"Younger J, et al. A systematic review of comparisons of AI and radiologists in the diagnosis of HCC in multiphase CT: implications for practice. Jpn J Radiol. 2026;44(1):97\u2013105.","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"4927_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM, Takwoingi Y, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. Version 2.0 (updated July 2023). Cochrane; 2023.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000163"},{"key":"4927_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-3","volume":"7","author":"RD Riley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riley RD, et al. Bivariate random-effects meta-analysis and the estimation of between-study correlation. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4927_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44255-2","volume":"14","author":"X Xing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xing X, et al. Proteomics-driven noninvasive screening of circulating serum protein panels for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):8392.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4927_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101219","volume":"7","author":"PLH Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu PLH, et al. Application of a deep learning algorithm for the diagnosis of HCC. JHEP Rep. 2025;7(1):101219.","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4927_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002281","volume":"111","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Construction of an artificially intelligent model for accurate detection of HCC by integrating clinical, radiological, and peripheral immunological features. Int J Surg. 2025;111(4):2942\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"4927_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Udomruk S, Sutthitthasakul S, Bunsermvicha N, Pinyopornpanish K, Pruksakorn D, Charoenkwan P, et al. Machine learning-based cfDNA fragmentation profiling using automated capillary electrophoresis for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Commun Med (Lond). 2026;6(1):166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-026-01437-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01437-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"4927_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12075-1","volume":"36","author":"X Jia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jia X, et al. Imaging for molecular and pathological subtyping of hepatocellular carcinoma\u2014a critical appraisal and future directions. Eur Radiol. 2026;36(4):2744\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"4927_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S493227","volume":"11","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Qian H. Advancing Hepatocellular Carcinoma Management Through Peritumoral Radiomics: Enhancing Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. J hepatocellular carcinoma. 2024;11:2159\u201368.","journal-title":"J hepatocellular carcinoma"},{"key":"4927_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420599","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1420599","volume":"15","author":"X Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie X, Chen R. Research progress of MRI-based radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1420599.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4927_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483521","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1483521","volume":"14","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang Y, et al. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using liquid biopsy-based biomarkers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2025;14:1483521.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:50:34Z","timestamp":1783561834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04927-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study was a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis based on previously published studies and did not involve direct participation of human subjects or access to identifiable personal data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"425"}}