{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:45:27Z","timestamp":1785527127823,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DMR-114-192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-114-192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T02:58:42Z","timestamp":1780023522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology of diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwan population from 2011 to 2021: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yi-Hua","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Chung","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Shong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Der-Yang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsueh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07150.x","volume":"27","author":"L Prideaux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prideaux L, Kamm MA, De Cruz PP, Chan FK, Ng SC. Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(8):1266\u201380.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10114","key":"4973_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","volume":"390","author":"SC Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, Underwood FE, Tang W, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2769\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4973_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0233-2","volume":"114","author":"SC Ng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ng SC, Kaplan GG, Tang W, Banerjee R, Adigopula B, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Wei SC, Lin WC, Lin HH, et al. Population Density and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population-Based Study in 13 Countries or Regions in Asia-Pacific. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(1):107\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4973_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x","volume":"103","author":"KT Thia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thia KT, Loftus EV Jr., Sandborn WJ, Yang SK. An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(12):3167\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4973_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.007","volume":"145","author":"SC Ng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, Wong M, Chow CM, Hui AJ, Wong TC, Leung VK, Tsang SW, Yu HH, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn\u2019s and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):158\u2013e165152.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4973_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000846","volume":"22","author":"SC Ng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng SC, Leung WK, Shi HY, Li MK, Leung CM, Ng CK, Lo FH, Hui YT, Tsang SW, Chan YK, et al. Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease from 1981 to 2014: Results from a Territory-Wide Population-Based Registry in Hong Kong. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(8):1954\u201360.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"4973_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-166","volume":"13","author":"SC Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei SC, Lin MH, Tung CC, Weng MT, Kuo JS, Shieh MJ, Wang CY, Ho WC, Wong JM, Chen PC. A nationwide population-based study of the inflammatory bowel diseases between 1998 and 2008 in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:166.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4973_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.00096","volume":"17","author":"HH Yen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yen HH, Weng MT, Tung CC, Wang YT, Chang YT, Chang CH, Shieh MJ, Wong JM, Wei SC. Epidemiological trend in inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwan from 2001 to 2015: a nationwide populationbased study. Intest Res. 2019;17(1):54\u201362.","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4973_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08518-2","volume":"69","author":"CJ Kuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuo CJ, Lin CY, Le PH, Kuo YW, Hsu CM, Lai MW, Lin WR, Chang ML, Su MY, Chiu CT, et al. Temporal Trends of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Taiwan from 2016 to 2020: A Population-Based Study. Dig Dis Sci. 2024;69(9):3172\u20139.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4973_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","volume":"20","author":"YZ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang YZ, Li YY. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):91\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4973_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030238","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, Song P, Li J, Tao Y, Li G, Li X, Yu Z. The Disease Burden and Clinical Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3):238.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4973_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000313","volume":"21","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Hann HJ, Hong SN, Kim KH, Ahn IM, Song JY, Lee SH, Ahn HS. Incidence and natural course of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea, 2006\u20132012: a nationwide population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(3):623\u201330.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4973_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2016.14.2.111","volume":"14","author":"WK Ng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng WK, Wong SH, Ng SC. Changing epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Intest Res. 2016;14(2):111\u20139.","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4973_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303661","volume":"62","author":"SC Ng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ng SC, Bernstein CN, Vatn MH, Lakatos PL, Loftus EV Jr., Tysk C, O\u2019Morain C, Moum B, Colombel JF. Geographical variability and environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2013;62(4):630\u201349.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"4973_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.002","volume":"156","author":"S Coward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coward S, Clement F, Benchimol EI, Bernstein CN, Avina-Zubieta JA, Bitton A, Carroll MW, Hazlewood G, Jacobson K, Jelinski S, et al. Past and Future Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Based on Modeling of Population-Based Data. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(5):1345\u2013e13531344.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4973_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.016","volume":"166","author":"M Herauf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herauf M, Coward S, Pe\u00f1a-S\u00e1nchez JN, Bernstein CN, Benchimol EI, Kaplan GG. Commentary on the Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Compounding Prevalence Nations: Toward Sustaining Healthcare Delivery. Gastroenterology. 2024;166(6):949\u201356.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4973_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.003","volume":"165","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lewis JD, Parlett LE, Jonsson Funk ML, Brensinger C, Pate V, Wu Q, Dawwas GK, Weiss A, Constant BD, McCauley M, et al. Incidence, Prevalence, and Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(5):1197\u2013e12051192.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4973_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596332","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1596332","volume":"15","author":"M Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma M, Li P, Lu Z, Zhang N, Wang S, Lu Y, Yu J. Regional and patient-level determinants of endoscopic utilization in rural healthcare: a multi-level analysis. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1596332.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4973_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.34","volume":"12","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN. Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(4):205\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4973_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00021-8","volume":"7","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN, Kaplan GG, Bernstein CN, Burke KE, Lochhead PJ, Sasson AN, Agrawal M, Tiong JHT, Steinberg J, Kruis W, et al. Lifestyle, behaviour, and environmental modification for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an International Organization for Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases consensus. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(7):666\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4973_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.37796\/2211-8039.1191","volume":"11","author":"CH Changchien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Changchien CH, Wang CH, Chen HL. Konjac glucomannan polysaccharide and inulin oligosaccharide ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and alterations in fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in C57BL\/6J mice. Biomed (Taipei). 2021;11(3):23\u201330.","journal-title":"Biomed (Taipei)"},{"key":"4973_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100884","volume":"36","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Sabino J, Frias-Gomes C, Hillenbrand CM, Soudant C, Axelrad JE, Shah SC, Ribeiro-Mour\u00e3o F, Lambin T, Peter I, et al. Early life exposures and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: Systematic review and meta-analyses. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100884.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"4973_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.08.031","volume":"20","author":"CH Lo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lo CH, Khandpur N, Rossato SL, Lochhead P, Lopes EW, Burke KE, Richter JM, Song M, Ardisson Korat AV, Sun Q, et al. Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(6):e1323\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4973_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.4.494","volume":"43","author":"AE Duggan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duggan AE, Usmani I, Neal KR, Logan RF. Appendicectomy, childhood hygiene, Helicobacter pylori status, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study. Gut. 1998;43(4):494\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"4973_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01905.x","volume":"103","author":"E Klement","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klement E, Lysy J, Hoshen M, Avitan M, Goldin E, Israeli E. Childhood hygiene is associated with the risk for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(7):1775\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4973_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj260","volume":"164","author":"C Green","year":"2006","unstructured":"Green C, Elliott L, Beaudoin C, Bernstein CN. A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(7):615\u201323. discussion 624\u2009\u2013\u2009618.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4973_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-51","volume":"12","author":"IS Soon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soon IS, Molodecky NA, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG. The relationship between urban environment and the inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:51.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4973_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17009-0","volume":"29","author":"S Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding S, Sun S, Ding R, Song S, Cao Y, Zhang L. Association between exposure to air pollutants and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases visits. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(12):17645\u201354.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"4973_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081825","volume":"13","author":"W Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao W, Lin W, Tian M, Fan S, Edwards S, Tran J, Li Y, Rao X. Ambient Particulate Matter Exposure Impairs Gut Barrier Integrity and Disrupts Goblet Cell Function. Biomedicines. 2025;13(8):1825.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"4973_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.27251","volume":"5","author":"SY Salim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salim SY, Kaplan GG, Madsen KL. Air pollution effects on the gut microbiota: a link between exposure and inflammatory disease. Gut Microbes. 2014;5(2):215\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:09:04Z","timestamp":1785521344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-026-04973-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (CMUH112-REC1-117(CR-2)). Informed consent of the study participants was not required because the dataset used in this study consists of de-identified secondary data released for research purposes.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"478"}}