{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:06:23Z","timestamp":1789005983694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:04:19Z","timestamp":1782435859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, anatomic-pathologic findings, and associated factors of nontraumatic ileal perforations among patients with gut perforation: a multicenter cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Musa Abbas","family":"Waziri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akello","family":"Vivian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atwine","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amagara Kyomukama","family":"Lauben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandabwa","family":"Joel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musinguzi","family":"Edwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awio John","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyenke Basara","family":"Godfroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyaka","family":"Sonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Molle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck Katembo","family":"Sikakulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Muhumuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Mbae","family":"Kithinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ByaMungu Pahari","family":"Kagenderezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bienfait Mumbere","family":"Vahwere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"5028_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chigurupati Vs, Kumar S, Mazumdar B, Gupta Sk, Khanna S. Non-Traumatic Ileal Perforation: Epidemiology, Management & Outcomes. 2020;9(7):2277\u20138179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36106\/Ijsr.","DOI":"10.36106\/Ijsr"},{"key":"5028_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dahiru A. The Prevalence of Typhoid Perforation among Patients Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano State Northwest Nigeria. 2020;6(1):72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48028\/iiprds\/ijirtbas.v6.i1.07","DOI":"10.48028\/iiprds\/ijirtbas.v6.i1.07"},{"key":"5028_CR3","unstructured":"Kumar A, Maheshwari MK, Bansal R, Kamra A, Dogra L, Srivastava S. A Study of Prognostic Factors in Non Traumatic Ileal Perforation in Developing Countries. 2016;p217\u201320."},{"key":"5028_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kabongo KMC, Erzingatsian K. Early postoperative complications associated with perforation peritonitis at a tertiary teaching hospital in Lusaka, Zambia: A prospective, observational study. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2021;27(3):86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ecajs.v27i3.2.","DOI":"10.4314\/ecajs.v27i3.2"},{"issue":"5","key":"5028_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/20786190.2018.1481604","volume":"60","author":"BA Grema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grema BA, Aliyu I, Michael GC, Musa A, Fikin AG, Abubakar BM, Olusegun S. Typhoid ileal perforation in a semiurban tertiary health institution in north-eastern Nigeria. South Afr Family Pract. 2018;60(5):168\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20786190.2018.1481604.","journal-title":"South Afr Family Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"5028_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034326","volume":"10","author":"JN Tochie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tochie JN, Agbor NV, Leonel F, Mbonda TT, Aji Abang A, D., Danwang C. Global epidemiology of acute generalized peritonitis: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034326.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"5028_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05567-2","volume":"44","author":"M Birkhold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birkhold M, Coulibaly Y, Coulibaly O, Demb\u00e9l\u00e9 P, Kim DS, Sow S, Neuzil KM. Morbidity and Mortality of Typhoid Intestinal Perforation Among Children in Sub-Saharan Africa 1995\u20132019: A Scoping Review. World J Surg. 2020;44(9):2892\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-020-05567-2.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"29","key":"5028_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9990","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.9990","volume":"20","author":"HJ Freeman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freeman HJ. Spontaneous free perforation of the small intestine in adults. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(29):9990\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.9990.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5028_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.137633","volume":"3","author":"G Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh G, Dogra B, Jindal N, Rejintal S. Nontraumatic ileal perforation: A retrospective study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3(2):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2249-4863.137633.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"5028_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qazi SH, Yousafzai MT, Saddal NS, Dehraj IF, Thobani RS, Akhtar A, Syed JR, Kazi AM, Hotwani A, Rahman N, Mehmood J, Andrews JR, Luby SP, Garrett DO, Qamar FN. Burden of Ileal Perforations Among Surgical Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Three Asian countries: Surveillance of Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), September 2016-September 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(Suppl 3):S232\u2013S238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1309.\u00a0PMID: 33258928; PMCID: PMC7705870.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1309"},{"issue":"5","key":"5028_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S522","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab258","volume":"224","author":"SK Njarekkattuvalappil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Njarekkattuvalappil SK, Thomas M, Kapil A, Saigal K, Ray P, Anandan S, Nagaraj S, Shastri J, Perumal SPB, Jinka DR, Thankaraj S, Ismavel V, Zachariah P, Singh A, Gupta M, Ebenezer SE, Thomas MS, Ghosh D, Kataria K, John J. Ileal Perforation and Enteric Fever: Implications for Burden of Disease Estimation. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(5):S522\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab258.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5028_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/351548","volume":"2015","author":"H Verma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verma H, Pandey S, Sheoran KD, Marwah S. Surgical Audit of Patients with Ileal Perforations Requiring Ileostomy in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Surg Res Pract. 2015;2015:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/351548.","journal-title":"Surg Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"5028_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1448","volume":"104","author":"F Khanam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khanam F, Darton TC, Ross AGP, Zaman K, Pollard AJ, Clemens JD, Qadri F. Case report: Typhoid fever complicated by ileal perforation in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(5):1755\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1448.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5028_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20170218","volume":"4","author":"PS Devi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devi PS, Manikantan G, Chisthi MM. Gastrointestinal perforations: a tertiary care center experience. Int Surg J. 2017;4:709\u201313.","journal-title":"Int Surg J"},{"issue":"2001","key":"5028_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"069","DOI":"10.17352\/2455-2283.000084","volume":"6","author":"D Amone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amone D, Okello T, Okot C, Kitara D, Mugabi P, Ogwang D. Short-term outcomes of laparotomy in the two teaching hospitals of gulu university, northern uganda. Archives Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;6(2001):069\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17352\/2455-2283.000084.","journal-title":"Archives Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5028_CR16","first-page":"179","volume":"82","author":"B James","year":"2013","unstructured":"James B, Kelly B. The abdominal radiograph. Ulster Med J. 2013;82(3):179\u201387.","journal-title":"Ulster Med J"},{"key":"5028_CR17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2016: National Guidelines for Management of Common Condtions. Ministry of Health, Uganda; 2016;p301\u20132."},{"key":"5028_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slaoui M, Fiette L. Histopathology Procedures: From Tissue Sampling to Histopathological Evaluation. In: Gautier, JC. (eds) Drug Safety Evaluation. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 691. Humana Press. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-60761-849-2_4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-849-2_4"},{"key":"5028_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kittel B, Ruehl-Fehlert C, Morawietz G, Klapwijk J, Elwell MR, Lenz B, O\u2019Sullivan MG, Roth DR, Wadsworth PF, RITA Group; NACAD Group. Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice\u2013Part 2. A joint publication of the RITA and NACAD groups. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2004;55(6):413\u2009\u2013\u200931. PMID: 15384248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0940-2993-00349","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00349"},{"key":"5028_CR20","unstructured":"WHO. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities Status in low- and middle-income countries and way forward. In World Health Organization; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"5028_CR21","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"TA Mala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mala. TA, Younus. DU, Ahmad SR, Malla SA. Prospective study of spontaneous small bowel perforation in a tertiary care hospital. East Afr Scholars J Med Surg. 2019;1(1):13\u20135.","journal-title":"East Afr Scholars J Med Surg"},{"key":"5028_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tekalign Admasu G, Beyene T, Shemsu Nuriye H. Management outcome and associated factors of surgically treated non traumatic acute abdomen at attat hospital, gurage zone, ethiopia. Int J Surg Res Pract. 2019;6(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23937\/2378-3397\/1410099","DOI":"10.23937\/2378-3397\/1410099"},{"issue":"3","key":"5028_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.26611\/10612310","volume":"12","author":"SM Arsath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arsath SM, Harish M. Study of surgical management and outcome of small bowel peroration. MedPulse Int J Surg. 2019;12(3):113\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26611\/10612310.","journal-title":"MedPulse Int J Surg"},{"key":"5028_CR24","unstructured":"Siddharth Singh AS, Yadavalli SD, B. S. and, Presentation GPA, Evaluation C. H. (2020). Nontraumatic Small Bowel Perforation: A Review of Demographics, Aetiological Factors, Clinical Presentation, Radiological Findings Along with Hematological and Histopathological Evaluation. 2016;3:3\u20137."},{"issue":"2","key":"5028_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.01.2015.02.0503","volume":"6","author":"A T\u00fcrko\u011flu","year":"2015","unstructured":"T\u00fcrko\u011flu A, O\u011fuz A, Bozda\u011f Z, Zengin Y, Ar\u0131kano\u011flu Z, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f M. Patient management and clinical outcomes in nontraumatic small bowel perforations. J Clin Experimental Investigations. 2015;6(2):130\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5799\/ahinjs.01.2015.02.0503.","journal-title":"J Clin Experimental Investigations"},{"issue":"10","key":"5028_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2637-5","volume":"38","author":"K Agu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agu K, Nzegwu M, Obi E. Prevalence, morbidity, and mortality patterns of typhoid ileal perforation as seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria: an 8-year review. World J Surg. 2014;38(10):2514\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268\/014\/2637\/5 . PMID: 24858189; PMCID: PMC4161930.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"5028_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anam M, Saeed A, Bin, Abdullah A. Etiological spectrum of ileal perforation on surgical grounds. 2018);12(3):232\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29054\/APMC\/18.476","DOI":"10.29054\/APMC\/18.476"},{"issue":"2","key":"5028_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20164796","volume":"4","author":"R Poornima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poornima R, Venkatesh KL, Nirmala MVG, Hassan N. Clinicopathological study of Ileal perforation: study in tertiary center. Int Surg J. 2017;4(2):543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20164796.","journal-title":"Int Surg J"},{"key":"5028_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mutiibwa D, Lopez A, Tumusiime G, Riding D, Diaz A. Aetiology and Treatment Outcome of Non-traumatic Small Bowel Perforations at Mbarara Hospital in South-Western Uganda. East and Central African Journal of Surgery 2013;17(3):25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ecajs.v17i3.","DOI":"10.4314\/ecajs.v17i3"},{"issue":"4","key":"5028_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"P Chalya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chalya P, Mabula J, Mbeta K, Kataraihya J, Hyasinta J, Mshana S, Mirambo M, Mchembe M, Giiti G, Gilyoma J. Typhoid intestinal perforations at a University teaching hospital in Northwestern Tanzania. World J Emerg Surg. 2012;7(4):1\u201311.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"10130","key":"5028_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30001-1","volume":"391","author":"BM Biccard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biccard BM, Madiba TE, Kluyts HL, Munlemvo DM, Madzimbamuto FD, Basenero A, Gordon CS, Youssouf C, Rakotoarison SR, Gobin V, Samateh AL, Sani CM, Omigbodun AO, Amanor-Boadu SD, Tumukunde JT, Esterhuizen TM, Le Manach Y, Forget P, Elkhogia AM, Ray S. Perioperative patient outcomes in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1589\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30001-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"5028_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed","volume":"4","author":"JP Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Mulrow CD, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:15:40Z","timestamp":1789002940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-026-05028-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4310993\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study and attendant protocols were approved by the Kampala International University Research Ethics Committee (KIU\u2011REC) and registered with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCSTREG No\u2011KIU\u20112022\u2011155); informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent to publish on part of the participants is not applicable since there is no identifying information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"556"}}