{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:45:35Z","timestamp":1780562735539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Roche Pharma Spain","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T14:03:34Z","timestamp":1564409014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Giant cell arteritis: is the clinical spectrum of the disease changing?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ortego-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Ercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Ortego-Centeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR1","first-page":"1186","volume":"32","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA. The diagnosis and management of patients with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(7):1186\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1214825","volume":"371","author":"CM Weyand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Clinical practice. Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(1):50\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0480-1","volume":"17","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Pina T. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: an update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2015;17(2):6.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"1225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5444","volume":"315","author":"F Buttgereit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2442\u201358.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"1225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC65","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201611010","volume":"165","author":"GS Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman GS. Giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(9):ITC65\u201380.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0655-y","volume":"22","author":"S Pradeep","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pradeep S, Smith JH. Giant cell arteritis: practical pearls and updates. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018 Jan 17;22(1):2.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0871-z","volume":"15","author":"JA Prior","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prior JA, Ranjbar H, Belcher J, Mackie SL, Helliwell T, Liddle J, et al. Diagnostic delay for giant cell arteritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):120.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00004","volume":"122","author":"JM Evans","year":"1995","unstructured":"Evans JM, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(7):502\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11353","volume":"48","author":"DM Nuenninghoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, McClelland RL, Matteson EL. Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and\/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3522\u201331.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000145366.40805.f8","volume":"83","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Pi\u00f1eiro A, Pego-Reigosa R, Llorca J, Hunder GG. Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from northwestern Spain: a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83(6):335\u201341.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.09.007","volume":"33","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two different but often overlapping conditions. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;33(5):289\u201393.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10103","key":"1225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31825-1","volume":"390","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Matteson EL, Casta\u00f1eda S. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Lancet. 2017;390(10103):1700\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011913","volume":"347","author":"C Salvarani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(4):261\u201371.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 36","key":"1225_CR14","first-page":"S13","volume":"22","author":"R Pego-Reigosa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pego-Reigosa R, Garcia-Porrua C, Pi\u00f1eiro A, Dierssen T, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Predictors of cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis in a defined population. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(6 Suppl 36):S13\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181af4518","volume":"88","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, Pego-Reigosa R, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Vazquez-Tri\u00f1anes MC, et al. Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):227\u201335.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200009000-00001","volume":"79","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Garc\u00eda-Porr\u00faa C, Llorca J, Hajeer AH, Bra\u00f1as F, Dababneh A, et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(5):283\u201392.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000345","volume":"29","author":"I Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tugal-Tutkun I. Systemic vasculitis and the eye. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017;29(1):24\u201332.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000422","volume":"28","author":"GN Papaliodis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papaliodis GN. Ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):613\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.98","volume":"13","author":"A Soriano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soriano A, Muratore F, Pipitone N, Boiardi L, Cimino L, Salvarani C. Visual loss and other cranial ischaemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(8):476\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a","volume":"49","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dasgupta B, Borg FA, Hassan N, Alexander L, Barraclough K, Bourke B, et al. BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(8):1594\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.10-4-381","volume":"10","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dasgupta B, Giant Cell Arteritis Guideline Development Group. Concise guidance: diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis. Clin Med (Lond). 2010;10(4):381\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvscit.2018.05.005","volume":"4","author":"Thomas Ratschiller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ratschiller T, M\u00fcller H, Pirklbauer M, Silye R, Sulzbacher G, Zierer A. Giant cell arteritis as unusual cause of critical arm ischemia. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2018;4(3):248\u2013251.","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Surgery Cases and Innovative Techniques"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180043.19285.54","volume":"84","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S, Garcia-Porrua C, Sanchez-Andrade A, Paz-Carreira J, et al. Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(5):277\u201390.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212649","volume":"77","author":"C Dejaco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Duftner C, Besson FL, Bley TA, Blockmans D, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(5):636\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1225_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00003","volume":"120","author":"AA Achkar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(12):987\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.12.005","volume":"37","author":"J Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narv\u00e1ez J, Bernad B, Roig-Vilaseca D, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez C, G\u00f3mez-Vaquero C, Juanola X, et al. Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;37(1):13\u20139.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 89","key":"1225_CR27","first-page":"S-19-31","volume":"33","author":"J Loricera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loricera J, Blanco R, Hern\u00e1ndez JL, Carril JM, Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez I, Canga A, et al. Non-infectious aortitis: a report of 32 cases from a single tertiary centre in a 4-year period and literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(2 Suppl 89):S-19-31.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2384-2","volume":"33","author":"M Yates","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yates M, Loke YK, Watts RA, MacGregor AJ. Prednisolone combined with adjunctive immunosuppression is not superior to prednisolone alone in terms of efficacy and safety in giant cell arteritis: meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(2):227\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20171","volume":"50","author":"G Nesher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nesher G, Berkun Y, Mates M, Baras M, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M. Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1332\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"1225_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22141","volume":"54","author":"MS Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, Hoffman GS. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(10):3306\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.12.005","volume":"44","author":"J Loricera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loricera J, Blanco R, Hern\u00e1ndez JL, Casta\u00f1eda S, Mera A, P\u00e9rez-Pamp\u00edn E, et al. Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis: multicenter open-label study of 22 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(6):717\u201323.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613849","volume":"377","author":"JH Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, Klearman M, Aringer M, Blockmans D, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in Giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):317\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1225_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459","volume":"61","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Miranda-Filloy JA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Martin J, Llorca J. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(10):1454\u201361.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.50025","volume":"33","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Amoli MM, Garcia-Porrua C, Ollier WE. Genetic markers of disease susceptibility and severity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003;33(1):38\u201348.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.02.009","volume":"96","author":"FD Carmona","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carmona FD, Mackie SL, Mart\u00edn JE, Taylor JC, Vaglio A, Eyre S, et al. A large-scale genetic analysis reveals a strong contribution of the HLA class II region to giant cell arteritis susceptibility. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(4):565\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR36","first-page":"112","volume":"23","author":"P Elling","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elling P, Olsson AT, Elling H. Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(1):112\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001409","volume":"84","author":"D Gilden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilden D, White T, Khmeleva N, Heintzman A, Choe A, Boyer PJ, et al. Prevalence and distribution of VZV in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis. Neurology. 2015;84(19):1948\u201355.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2101","volume":"72","author":"MA Nagel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagel MA, White T, Khmeleva N, Rempel A, Boyer PJ, Bennett JL, et al. Analysis of varicella-zoster virus in temporal arteries biopsy positive and negative for giant cell arteritis. JAMA Neuro. 2015;72(11):1281\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Neuro"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210152","volume":"76","author":"RL Rhee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rhee RL, Grayson PC, Merkel PA, Tomasson G. Infections and the risk of incident giant cell arteritis: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):1031\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0b013e31803d1764","volume":"86","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Miranda-Filloy JA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Perez-Alvarez R, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Sanchez-Andrade A, et al. Giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: a 25-year epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86(2):61\u20138.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1225_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1127-3","volume":"17","author":"M Yates","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yates M, Graham K, Watts RA, MacGregor AJ. The prevalence of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a UK primary care population. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:285.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22942","volume":"69","author":"M Catanoso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Muratore F, Restuccia G, Cavazza A, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and survival of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in northern Italy during a 26-year period. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(3):430\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.04.001","volume":"47","author":"CS Crowson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crowson CS, Matteson EL. Contemporary prevalence estimates for giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica, 2015. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;47(2):253\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"1225_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160466","volume":"43","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Casta\u00f1eda S, Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis: visual loss is our major concern. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(8):1458\u201361.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1225_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200329","volume":"71","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dasgupta B, Cimmino MA, Maradit-Kremers H, Schmidt WA, Schirmer M, Salvarani C, et al. 2012 provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European league against rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:484\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00424-6","volume":"108","author":"D Blockmans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blockmans D, Stroobants S, Maes A, Mortelmans L. Positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: evidence for inflammation of the aortic arch. Am J Med. 2000;108(3):246\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2013.850737","volume":"43","author":"D Ernst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ernst D, Baerlecken NT, Schmidt RE, Witte T. Large vessel vasculitis and spondyloarthritis: coincidence or associated diseases? Scand J Rheumatol. 2014;43(3):246\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180042.42156.d1","volume":"84","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Barros S, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Garcia-Porrua C, Sanchez-Andrade A, Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(5):269\u201376.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1225_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto-Pe\u00f1a D, Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez I, Loricera J, Banzo I, Calder\u00f3n-Goercke M, Calvo-R\u00edo V, et al. Predictors of positive (18) F-FDG PET\/CT-scan for large vessel vasculitis in patients with persistent polymyalgia rheumatica. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.05.007"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.06.009","volume":"45","author":"J Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Narv\u00e1ez J, Estrada P, L\u00f3pez-Vives L, Ricse M, Zacar\u00edas A, Heredia S, et al. Prevalence of ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis presenting with apparently isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45(3):328\u201333.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170455","volume":"45","author":"E Liozon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liozon E, de Boysson H, Dalmay F, Gondran G, Bezanahary H, Fauchais AL, et al. Development of Giant cell arteritis after treating polymyalgia or peripheral arthritis: a retrospective case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(5):678\u201385.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.7.702","volume":"35","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Santiago J, Monte R, Blanco R. Low-dose corticosteroids and blindness in giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35(7):702\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1225_CR53","first-page":"1750","volume":"25","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Garc\u00eda-Porr\u00faa C, V\u00e1zquez-Caruncho M. Polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy proven giant cell arteritis does not constitute a different subset but differs from isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(9):1750\u20135.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR54","first-page":"182","volume":"74","author":"KD Lensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lensen KD, Voskuyl AE, Comans EF, van der Laken CJ, Smulders YM. Extracranial giant cell arteritis: A narrative review. Neth J Med. 2016;74(5):182\u201392.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20231","volume":"51","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis without clinically evident vascular involvement in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(2):274\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21699","volume":"55","author":"D Blockmans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blockmans D, de Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H. Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(1):131\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200865","volume":"71","author":"S Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Arguis P, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez A, Esp\u00edgol-Frigol\u00e9 G, Tavera-Bahillo I, Butjosa M, et al. Large vessel involvement in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: prospective study in 40 newly diagnosed patients using CT angiography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1170\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"1225_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003851","volume":"95","author":"H de Boysson","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Boysson H, Liozon E, Lambert M, Parienti JJ, Artigues N, Geffray L, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and the risk of subsequent aortic complications in giant-cell arteritis: a multicenter cohort of 130 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(26):e3851.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000145369.25558.b5","volume":"83","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Pi\u00f1eiro A, Gomez-Gigirey A, Garcia-Porrua C, Pego-Reigosa R, Dierssen-Sotos T, Llorca J. Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83(6):342\u20137.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu329","volume":"54","author":"F Muratore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muratore F, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, Green AB, Salvarani C, Matteson EL, et al. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(3):463\u201370.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 82","key":"1225_CR61","first-page":"S106","volume":"32","author":"F Muratore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muratore F, Pazzola G, Pipitone N, Boiardi L, Salvarani C. Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(3 Suppl 82):S106\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.10.014","volume":"38","author":"MJ Lopez-Diaz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lopez-Diaz MJ, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Pe\u00f1a-Sagredo JL, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with the development of visual complications in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008;38(2):116\u201323.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<311::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"42","author":"A Brack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brack A, Martinez-Taboada V, Stanson A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(2):311\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080792","volume":"36","author":"GS Breuer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breuer GS, Nesher G, Nesher R. Rate of discordant findings in bilateral temporal artery biopsy to diagnose giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(4):794\u20136.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 52","key":"1225_CR65","first-page":"S10","volume":"27","author":"GS Breuer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breuer GS, Nesher R, Nesher G. Effect of biopsy length on the rate of positive temporal artery biopsies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27(1 Suppl 52):S10\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"1225_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S151385","volume":"11","author":"EB Ing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ing EB, Lahaie Luna G, Toren A, Ing R, Chen JJ, Arora N, et al. Multivariable prediction model for suspected giant cell arteritis: development and validation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:2031\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 103(1)","key":"1225_CR67","first-page":"119","volume":"35","author":"C Roncato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roncato C, Allix-B\u00e9guec C, Brottier-Mancini E, Gombert B, Denis G. Diagnostic performance of colour duplex ultrasonography along with temporal artery biopsy in suspicion of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(Suppl 103(1)):119\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex381","volume":"57","author":"E De Miguel","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Miguel E, Beltran LM, Monjo I, Deodati F, Schmidt WA, Garcia-Puig J. Atherosclerosis as a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(2):318\u201321.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu241","volume":"54","author":"G German\u00f2","year":"2015","unstructured":"German\u00f2 G, Muratore F, Cimino L, Lo Gullo A, Possemato N, Macchioni P, et al. Is colour duplex sonography-guided temporal artery biopsy useful in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? A randomized study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(3):400\u20134.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1225_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23699","volume":"58","author":"TA Bley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bley TA, Reinhard M, Hauenstein C, Markl M, Warnatz K, Hetzel A, et al. Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2574\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 49","key":"1225_CR71","first-page":"S76","volume":"26","author":"A Ghinoi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghinoi A, Zuccoli G, Nicolini A, Pipitone N, Macchioni L, Bajocchi GL, et al. 1T magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: comparison with ultrasonography and physical examination of temporal arteries. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S76\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140056","volume":"273","author":"T Klink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klink T, Geiger J, Both M, Ness T, Heinzelmann S, Reinhard M, et al. Giant cell arteritis: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging of superficial cranial arteries in initial diagnosis-results from a multicenter trial. Radiology. 2014;273(3):844\u201352.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5205","volume":"38","author":"P Remond","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remond P, Atty\u00e9 A, Lecler A, Lamalle L, Boudiaf N, Aptel F, et al. The central bright spot sign: a potential new MR imaging sign for the early diagnosis of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to Giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(7):1411\u20135.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1225_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574248","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/574248","volume":"2014","author":"C Puppo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puppo C, Massollo M, Paparo F, Camellino D, Piccardo A, Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri M, et al. Giant cell arteritis: a systematic review of the qualitative and semiquantitative methods to assess vasculitis with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:574248.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"30","key":"1225_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4146","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004146","volume":"95","author":"D Lariviere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lariviere D, Benali K, Coustet B, Pasi N, Hyafil F, Klein I, et al. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a real-life prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(30):e4146.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"1225_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.09.008","volume":"16","author":"M Hommada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hommada M, Mekinian A, Brillet PY, Abad S, Larroche C, Dh\u00f4te R, et al. Aortitis in giant cell arteritis: diagnosis with FDG PET\/CT and agreement with CT angiography. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(11):1131\u20137.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"1225_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3774-5","volume":"44","author":"H de Boysson","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boysson H, Dumont A, Liozon E, Lambert M, Boutemy J, Maign\u00e9 G, et al. Giant-cell arteritis: concordance study between aortic CT angiography and FDG-PET\/CT in detection of large-vessel involvement. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(13):2274\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"1225_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5311-8","volume":"28","author":"Pierre Emmanuel Berthod","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berthod PE, Aho-Gl\u00e9l\u00e9 S, Ornetti P, Chevallier O, Devilliers H, Ricolfi F, et al. CT analysis of the aorta in giant-cell arteritis: a case-control study. Eur Radiol. 2018. \n                              https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-018-5311-8\n                              \n                           .","journal-title":"European Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1225_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200413","volume":"71","author":"NT Baerlecken","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baerlecken NT, Linnemann A, Gross WL, Moosig F, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gonzalez-Gay MA, et al. Association of ferritin autoantibodies with giant cell arteritis\/polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(6):943\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1225_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202963","volume":"72","author":"A R\u00e9gent","year":"2013","unstructured":"R\u00e9gent A, Ly KH, Blet A, Agard C, Pu\u00e9chal X, Tamas N, et al. Contribution of antiferritin antibodies to diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(7):1269\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1225_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019320","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019320","volume":"8","author":"T Helliwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Helliwell T, Muller S, Hider SL, Prior JA, Richardson JC, Mallen CD. Challenges of diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis in general practice: a multimethods study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e019320.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T23:14:25Z","timestamp":1595891665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1225-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"LE is an employee of Roche Farma S.A. Spain.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"200"}}