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In addition to physical frailty (PF), we explored mental (MF) and social (SF) frailty and studied the associations between multidimensional frailty and various adverse health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted using data from a population-based cohort (SLAS-1) of 2387 community-dwelling Singaporean Chinese older adults. Outcomes examined were functional and severe disability, nursing home referral and mortality. PF was defined by shrinking, weakness, slowness, exhaustion and physical inactivity, 1\u20132\u2009=\u2009pre-frail, 3\u20135\u2009=\u2009frail; MF was defined by \u22651 of cognitive impairment, low mood and poor self-reported health; SF was defined by \u22652 of living alone, no education, no confidant, infrequent social contact or help, infrequent social activities, financial difficulty and living in low-end public housing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of any frailty dimension was 63.0%, dominated by PF (26.2%) and multidimensional frailty (24.2%); 7.0% had all three frailty dimensions. With a few exceptions, frailty dimensions share similar associations with many socio-demographic, lifestyle, health and behavioral factors. Each frailty dimension varied in showing independent associations with functional (Odds Ratios [ORs]\u2009=\u20091.3\u20131.8) and severe disability prevalence at baseline (ORs\u2009=\u20092.2\u20137.3), incident functional disability (ORs\u2009=\u20091.1\u20131.5), nursing home referral (ORs\u2009=\u20091.5\u20133.4) and mortality (Hazard Ratios\u2009=\u20091.3\u20131.5) after adjusting for age, gender, medical comorbidity and the two other frailty dimensions. The addition of MF and SF to PF incrementally increased risk estimates by more than 2 folds.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights the relevance and utility of PF, MF and SF individually and together. Multidimensional frailty can better inform policies and promote the use of targeted multi-domain interventions tailored to older adults\u2019 frailty statuses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1367-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T09:21:31Z","timestamp":1576228891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A bio-psycho-social approach for frailty amongst Singaporean Chinese community-dwelling older adults \u2013 evidence from the\u00a0Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nigel","family":"Teo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei Shi","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma Shwe Zin","family":"Nyunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie Jing","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiou Liang","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Pin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53312.x","volume":"53","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood K. 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