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In conformity with our inclusion criteria, this study included 233 community-dwelling elderly users of a day care facility with rehabilitation services for seniors in Japan. We analyzed the life-space assessment (LSA) scores collected at five time points (baseline, 3\u2009months, 6\u2009months, 9\u2009months, and 12\u2009months) using mixed-effects models with random intercepts and slopes over time. In the present study, the explanatory variables of interest were time, and living situation (living alone or with others). As possible confounders, we considered the following: (a) age, (b) sex, (c) social frailty, (d) physical frailty, (e) mild cognitive impairment (MCI), (f) depression, and (g) economic satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean age of participants was 78.9\u2009years (SD\u2009=\u20097.7), their mean LSA score was 60.1 points (SD\u2009=\u200925.7), and 42.9% of the participants were men. After adjusting for age, gender, frailty, depression, MCI, and economic satisfaction, the mean LSA score of older adults who lived with others was significantly lower (7.42 points, 95%CI\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u200918.30 to \u2212\u20090.15, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048) than that older adults who lived alone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Community-dwelling older adults who used a day care center with rehabilitation services and lived with others had a smaller life-space at baseline than those who lived alone. This suggests that there is a need to pay more attention to social frailty among both older adults who live alone and those who live with others.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>According to a multilevel analysis growth model, elderly persons who lived with others had significantly lower life-space mobility than those who lived alone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T12:05:53Z","timestamp":1606305953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing timewise changes over 15 months in life-space mobility among community-dwelling elderly persons"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chisato","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soshiro","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12648","volume":"27","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Y, While AE. 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Neuroepidemiology. 2013;40:23\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000339753.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T12:18:48Z","timestamp":1606306728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01882-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Fujita Health University (No. HM19\u2013244). We briefed all participants regarding the study and asked them to sign a consent form. If the person had dementia and required objective judgment to confirm participation, a relative or a caregiver was assigned as the substitute to exclude from participants in the study. Because this study was conducted as part of a care prevention campaign in a day-care service center and service users had the right to participate in this project. However, no such case occurred in the present study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors report that there are no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"502"}}