{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:25:55Z","timestamp":1788582355431,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001646","name":"Robert Bosch Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Network Aging Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-reported life-space assessment methods so far focus on community-dwelling persons, with a lack of validated assessment methods for institutionalized settings. This study evaluated construct validity, test-retest reliability, sensitivity to change, and feasibility of a new Life-Space Assessment for Institutionalized Settings (LSA-IS) in geriatric patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychometric properties of the LSA-IS in 119 hospitalized geriatric patients (83.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2\u2009years) with and without cognitive impairment (CI) [Mini-Mental State Examination: 22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9 scores] were evaluated within a comprehensive validation design. For the total group and subgroups according to cognitive status, construct validity was assessed by calculating Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients (rho) with established construct variables, test\u2013retest reliability by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), sensitivity to change by standardized response means (SRMs) calculated for effects of early ward-based rehabilitation during hospital stay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The LSA-IS (total score) demonstrated good test\u2013retest reliability (ICC\u2009=\u2009.704), and large sensitivity to change (SRM\u2009=\u2009.806), while construct validity was small to high indicated by significant correlations of the LSA-IS to construct variables (rho\u2009=\u2009.208\u2013716), depending on relative construct association. On average results of LSA-IS sub-scores confirmed results of the total score. Subgroups according to cognitive status did not differ for most analyzed variables. A completion rate of 100% and a completion time of 3.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009min documented excellent feasibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interview-based LSA-IS has proven to be valid, reliable, sensitive, and feasible in hospitalized, multi-morbid, geriatric patients with and without CI documenting good psychometric properties for institutionalized settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.drks.de\/drks_web\/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&amp;TRIAL_ID=DRKS00016028\">DRKS00016028<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T11:03:40Z","timestamp":1607598220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Validation of the interview-based life-space assessment in institutionalized settings (LSA-IS) for older persons with and without cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Hauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Heldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen M.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02393.x","volume":"57","author":"CJ Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown CJ, Redden DT, Flood KL, Allman RM. The underrecognized epidemic of low mobility during hospitalization of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(9):1660\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"1927_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.016","volume":"16","author":"M den Ouden","year":"2015","unstructured":"den Ouden M, Bleijlevens MH, Meijers JM, Zwakhalen SM, Braun SM, Tan FE, et al. Daily (in)activities of nursing home residents in their wards: an observation study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(11):963\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51152.x","volume":"51","author":"KE Covinsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Covinsky KE, Palmer RM, Fortinsky RH, Counsell SR, Stewart AL, Kresevic D, et al. Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: increased vulnerability with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(4):451\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1927_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.10.1076","volume":"63","author":"P Kortebein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kortebein P, Symons TB, Ferrando A, Paddon-Jones D, Ronsen O, Protas E, et al. Functional impact of 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(10):1076\u201381.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1927_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52354.x","volume":"52","author":"CJ Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown CJ, Friedkin RJ, Inouye SK. Prevalence and outcomes of low mobility in hospitalized older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(8):1263\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnq013","volume":"50","author":"SC Webber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webber SC, Porter MM, Menec VH. Mobility in older adults: a comprehensive framework. The Gerontologist. 2010;50(4):443\u201350.","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J083v35n04_04","volume":"35","author":"M Parker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parker M, Baker PS, Allman RM. A life-space approach to functional assessment of mobility in the elderly. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2002;35(4):35\u201355.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"key":"1927_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor JK, Buchan IE, van der Veer SN. Assessing life-space mobility for a more holistic view on wellbeing in geriatric research and clinical practice. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31:439\u201345.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-0999-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.209","volume":"2","author":"CJ Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown CJ, Williams BR, Woodby LL, Davis LL, Allman RM. Barriers to mobility during hospitalization from the perspectives of older patients and their nurses and physicians. J Hosp Med. 2007;2(5):305\u201313.","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0430-7","volume":"17","author":"CP Jansen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jansen CP, Diegelmann M, Schnabel EL, Wahl HW, Hauer K. Life-space and movement behavior in nursing home residents: results of a new sensor-based assessment and associated factors. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):36.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-016-1040-2","volume":"50","author":"T Motzek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Motzek T, Junge M, Marquardt G. Impact of dementia on length of stay and costs in acute care hospitals]. [Article in German]. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;50(1):59\u201366.","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1927_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.12.1576","volume":"60","author":"C Pedone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pedone C, Ercolani S, Catani M, Maggio D, Ruggiero C, Quartesan R, et al. Elderly patients with cognitive impairment have a high risk for functional decline during hospitalization: the GIFA study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(12):1576\u201380.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.19.4.347","volume":"19","author":"K Hauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hauer K, Lord SR, Lindemann U, Lamb SE, Aminian K, Schwenk M. Assessment of physical activity in older people with and without cognitive impairment. J Aging Phys Act. 2011;19(4):347\u201372.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"2","key":"1927_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx214","volume":"59","author":"P Ullrich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ullrich P, Werner C, Bongartz M, Kiss R, Bauer J, Hauer K. Validation of a modified life-space assessment in multimorbid older persons with cognitive impairment. The Gerontologist. 2019;59(2):e66\u201375.","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"1927_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04040.x","volume":"5","author":"M Schuler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuler M, Njoo N, Hestermann M, Oster P, Hauer K. Acute and chronic pain in geriatrics: clinical characteristics of pain and the influence of cognition. Pain Med. 2004;5(3):253\u201362.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1927_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51512.x","volume":"51","author":"PS Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker PS, Bodner EV, Allman RM. Measuring life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(11):1610\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR17","first-page":"182","volume":"7","author":"D May","year":"1985","unstructured":"May D, Nayak US, Isaacs B. The life-space diary: a measure of mobility in old people at home. Int Rehabil Med. 1985;7(4):182\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/073346489901800404","volume":"18","author":"BT Stalvey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stalvey BT, Owsley C, Sloane ME, Ball K. The life space questionnaire: a measure of the extent of mobility of older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 1999;18(4):460\u201378.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1927_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e31826e7d33","volume":"36","author":"H Hashidate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hashidate H, Shimada H, Shiomi T, Shibata M, Sawada K, Sasamoto N. Measuring indoor life-space mobility at home in older adults with difficulty to perform outdoor activities. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013;36(3):109\u201314.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"1927_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03453.x","volume":"38","author":"ME Tinetti","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tinetti ME, Ginter SF. The nursing home life-space diameter. A measure of extent and frequency of mobility among nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38(12):1311\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1927_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. \u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189\u201398.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1927_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","volume":"113","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","volume":"173","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan D, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489\u201395.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi218","volume":"35","author":"K Hauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hauer K, Lamb S, Jorstad E, Todd C, Becker C, PROFANE-Group. Systematic review of definitions and methods of measuring falls in randomised controlled fall prevention trials. Age Ageing. 2006;35(1):5\u201310.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"1927_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(95)00121-2","volume":"10","author":"BA Ferrell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferrell BA, Ferrell BR, Rivera L. Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10(8):591\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002087","volume":"33","author":"R Rabin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rabin R, de Charro F. EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol group. Ann Med. 2001;33(5):337\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1927_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-V","volume":"38","author":"RS Marin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38(2):143\u201362.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1159\/000320054","volume":"57","author":"K Hauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hauer K, Kempen GI, Schwenk M, Yardley L, Beyer N, Todd C, et al. Validity and sensitivity to change of the falls efficacy scales international to assess fear of falling in older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Gerontology. 2011;57(5):462\u201372.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm157","volume":"37","author":"GI Kempen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kempen GI, Yardley L, van Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA, Beyer N, Hauer K, et al. The short FES-I: a shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling. Age Ageing. 2008;37(1):45\u201350.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1927_CR30","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61\u20135.","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1927_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","volume":"49","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85\u201394.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1927_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab42d3","volume":"40","author":"M Bongartz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bongartz M, Kiss R, Lacroix A, Eckert T, Ullrich P, Jansen CP, et al. Validity, reliability, and feasibility of the uSense activity monitor to register physical activity and gait performance in habitual settings of geriatric patients. Physiol Meas. 2019;40(9):095005.","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"1927_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558705285298","volume":"63","author":"A Bhandari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhandari A, Wagner T. Self-reported utilization of health care services: improving measurement and accuracy. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(2):217\u201335.","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1927_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.3.197","volume":"37","author":"RJ Shephard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shephard RJ. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(3):197\u2013206 discussion.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01593882","volume":"4","author":"CA McHorney","year":"1995","unstructured":"McHorney CA, Tarlov AR. Individual-patient monitoring in clinical practice: are available health status surveys adequate? Qual Life Res. 1995;4(4):293\u2013307.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"1927_CR36","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES; 1988."},{"key":"1927_CR37","unstructured":"Fleiss JL. The design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York: Wiley; 1986."},{"issue":"10","key":"1927_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199210000-00004","volume":"30","author":"JN Katz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Katz JN, Larson MG, Phillips CB, Fossel AH, Liang MH. Comparative measurement sensitivity of short and longer health status instruments. Med Care. 1992;30(10):917\u201325.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1927_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.65","volume":"2","author":"B Middel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Middel B, van Sonderen E. Statistical significant change versus relevant or important change in (quasi) experimental design: some conceptual and methodological problems in estimating magnitude of intervention-related change in health services research. Int J Integr Care. 2002;2:e15.","journal-title":"Int J Integr Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13393","volume":"63","author":"NM Gell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gell NM, Wallace RB, LaCroix AZ, Mroz TM, Patel KV. Mobility device use in older adults and incidence of falls and worry about falling: findings from the 2011-2012 national health and aging trends study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(5):853\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"1927_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082780","volume":"71","author":"JF Sallis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sallis JF, Saelens BE. Assessment of physical activity by self-report: status, limitations, and future directions. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(2 Suppl):S1\u201314.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T23:08:10Z","timestamp":1670108890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01927-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was performed according to the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Department of the University of Heidelberg (S-709\/2018). Written-informed consent has been part of the mandatory participants\u2019 agreement which also included consent to publish data. In case participants would decide to withdraw their consent it was guaranteed that individual data was not used in data analysis and deleted.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"534"}}