{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T19:48:38Z","timestamp":1794340118071,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"ministry of science and technology, taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-038-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-038-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-6003-023-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-6003-023-300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2221-E-038-012-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2221-E-038-012-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTPU-TMU-108-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTPU-TMU-108-01"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTPU-TMU-107-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTPU-TMU-107-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) often leads to pain and stiffness of the affected joints, which may affect the physical performance and decrease the quality of life of people with degenerative knee OA. Compared to traditional exercise, tai chi is a safe exercise with slow movements which can facilitate physical functioning and psychological well being, and might be suitable for improving the physical activities of older adults with knee OA. Therefore, this study investigated the impacts of tai chi exercise on the functional fitness of community-dwelling older adults with degenerative knee OA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sixty-eight community-dwelling older adults with knee OA were recruited from the local community to participate in this randomized controlled clinical trial. All subjects were randomly assigned to either an TCE group that practiced tai chi exercise (TCE) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200936) or a control group (CON) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932) that received regular health education programs twice per week for 12 weeks. Outcome measurements were determined using functional fitness tests before and after the intervention, including a 30-s chair stand (number of repeats), 30-s arm-curl (number of repeats), 2-min step (number of steps), chair sit-and-reach (reaching distance, cm), back-scratch flexibility (distance between hands, cm), single-leg stand (time, s), functional reach (reaching distance, cm), 8-foot up-and-go (time, s), and 10-m walk tests (time, s). Pre-post comparisons of functional fitness were analyzed using the ANCOVA test with SPSS software version 18.0.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Results revealed that participants\u2019 functional fitness in the TCE group had significantly higher adjusted mean post-tests scores than that in the CON group after the intervention, including the 8-foot up-and-go (s) (mean difference [MD]=-2.92 [-3.93, -1.91], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.39*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20097<\/jats:sup>), 30-s arm curl (MD\u2009=\u20094.75 (2.76, 6.73), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.11*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20095<\/jats:sup>), 2-min step (MD\u2009=\u200936.94 [23.53, 50.36], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097.08*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20097<\/jats:sup>), 30-s chair stand (MD\u2009=\u20094.66 [2.97, 6.36], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096.96*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20097<\/jats:sup>), functional-reach (MD\u2009=\u20095.86 [3.52, 8.20], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.72*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20096<\/jats:sup>), single-leg stand with eyes closed (MD\u2009=\u20093.44 [1.92, 4.97], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.74*10<jats:sup>\u2212\u20095<\/jats:sup>), chair sit-and-reach (MD\u2009=\u20093.93 [1.72, 6.15], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), and single-leg stand with eyes opened (MD\u2009=\u200917.07 [6.29, 27.85], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), with large effect sizes (\u03b7\u00b2=0.14\u2009~\u20090.34).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Community-dwelling older adults with knee OA in the TCE group had better functional fitness performances after the 12-week tai chi intervention than those receiving only health education.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T21:02:27Z","timestamp":1627765347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Impacts of tai chi exercise on functional fitness in community-dwelling older adults with mild degenerative knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Po-Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Yen","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Chu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Ru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Hsuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Li","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Miao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chueh-Ho","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.08.009","volume":"19","author":"D Pereira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pereira D, Peleteiro B, Araujo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E. The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19(11):1270\u201385.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"9859","key":"2390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","volume":"380","author":"T Vos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2163\u201396.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000100582.52451.AC","volume":"41","author":"M Lethbridge-Cejku","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lethbridge-Cejku M, Helmick CG, Popovic JR. Hospitalizations for arthritis and other rheumatic conditions: data from the 1997 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Med Care. 2003;41(12):1367\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2390_CR4","unstructured":"Brandt KD, Doherty M, Lohmander LS. Osteoarthritis: Oxford University Press; 1998."},{"issue":"6","key":"2390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199911000-00005","volume":"7","author":"BJ Cole","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cole BJ, Harner CD. Degenerative arthritis of the knee in active patients: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7(6):389\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.11.012","volume":"43","author":"AE Nelson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelson AE, Allen KD, Golightly YM, Goode AP, Jordan JM. A systematic review of recommendations and guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis: The chronic osteoarthritis management initiative of the U.S. bone and joint initiative. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(6):701\u201312.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh399","volume":"44","author":"E Roddy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, Barlow J, Birrell F, Carr A, Chakravarty K, Dickson J, Hay E. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of exercise in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee\u2014the MOVE consensus. Rheumatology. 2004;44(1):67\u201373.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.01.016","volume":"26","author":"AC Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee AC, Harvey WF, Han X, Price LL, Driban JB, Bannuru RR, Wang C. Pain and functional trajectories in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis over up to 12 weeks of exercise exposure. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018;26(4):501\u201312.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.08.018","volume":"24","author":"NH Varady","year":"2016","unstructured":"Varady NH, Grodzinsky AJ. Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: mechanics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(1):27\u201335.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945908327529","volume":"31","author":"CE Rogers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rogers CE, Larkey LK, Keller C. A review of clinical trials of tai chi and qigong in older adults. West J Nurs Res. 2009;31(2):245\u201379.","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"2390_CR11","first-page":"502131","volume":"2013","author":"C Lan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lan C, Chen SY, Lai JS, Wong AM. Tai chi chuan in medicine and health promotion. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:502131.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S124604","volume":"12","author":"AW Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan AW, Yu DS, Choi K. Effects of tai chi qigong on psychosocial well-being among hidden elderly, using elderly neighborhood volunteer approach: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:85.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.06.004","volume":"82","author":"H Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui H, Wang Q, Pedersen M, Wang Q, Lv S, James D, Larkey L. The safety of tai chi: A meta-analysis of adverse events in randomized controlled trials. Contemp Clin Trials. 2019;82:85\u201392.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.02.003","volume":"5","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Huang L, Wu X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Fang M, Liu Y, Li JX. Effects of Tai Ji Quan training on gait kinematics in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;5(3):297\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094388","volume":"50","author":"YW Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen YW, Hunt MA, Campbell KL, Peill K, Reid WD. The effect of Tai Chi on four chronic conditions-cancer, osteoarthritis, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(7):397\u2013407.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.162","volume":"7","author":"RE Rikli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Functional Fitness Normative Scores for Community-Residing Older Adults, Ages 60\u201394. J Aging Phys Activ. 1999;7(2):162.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Activ"},{"issue":"64","key":"2390_CR17","first-page":"177","volume":"12","author":"OL Charansonney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charansonney OL. Physical activity and aging: a life-long story. Discov Med. 2011;12(64):177\u201385.","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-09-576","volume":"22","author":"BG Vopat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vopat BG, Klinge SA, McClure PK, Fadale PD. The effects of fitness on the aging process. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014;22(9):576\u201385.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2390_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150389","volume":"11","author":"PS Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin PS, Hsieh CC, Cheng HS, Tseng TJ, Su SC. Association between Physical Fitness and Successful Aging in Taiwanese Older Adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150389.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2390_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S44112","volume":"8","author":"Z Milanovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milanovic Z, Pantelic S, Trajkovic N, Sporis G, Kostic R, James N. Age-related decrease in physical activity and functional fitness among elderly men and women. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:549\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1511-101","volume":"47","author":"M Duray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duray M, Genc A. The relationship between physical fitness and falling risk and fear of falling in community-dwelling elderly people with different physical activity levels. Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2017;47(2):455\u201362.","journal-title":"Turkish journal of medical sciences"},{"key":"2390_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou L, Loprinzi PD, Yu JJ, Yang L, Li C, Yeung AS, Kong Z, Chiou SY, Xiao T. Superior Effects of Modified Chen-Style Tai Chi versus 24-Style Tai Chi on Cognitive Function, Fitness, and Balance Performance in Adults over 55. Brain Sci. 2019;9(5):102.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9050102"},{"key":"2390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeshima N, Islam MM, Kato Y, Koizumi D, Narita M, Rogers NL, Rogers ME. Effects of 12 Weeks of Tai Chi Chuan Training on Balance and Functional Fitness in Older Japanese Adults. Sports (Basel). 2017;5(2):32.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5020032"},{"issue":"6","key":"2390_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508101746","volume":"23","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Park HJ, Chae Y, Kim SY, Kim SN, Kim ST, Kim JH, Yin CS, Lee H. Tai Chi Qigong for the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot, randomized, waiting list controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(6):504\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"2390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31814844b7","volume":"39","author":"N Takeshima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takeshima N, Rogers NL, Rogers ME, Islam MM, Koizumi D, Lee S. Functional fitness gain varies in older adults depending on exercise mode. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(11):2036\u201343.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2390_CR26","first-page":"2039","volume":"30","author":"R Song","year":"2003","unstructured":"Song R, Lee EO, Lam P, Bae SC. Effects of tai chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(9):2039\u201344.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03480.x","volume":"51","author":"JH Choi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choi JH, Moon JS, Song R. Effects of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall-prone older adults. J Adv Nurs. 2005;51(2):150\u20137.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.129","volume":"7","author":"RE Rikli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Activ. 1999;7(2):129\u201361.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Activ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2390_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2003.10609099","volume":"74","author":"KAPM Lemmink","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lemmink KAPM, Kemper HCG, de Greef MHG, Rispens P, Stevens M. The validity of the sit-and-reach test and the modified sit-and-reach test in middle-aged to older men and women. Res Q Exercise Sport. 2003;74(3):331\u20136.","journal-title":"Res Q Exercise Sport"},{"key":"2390_CR30","unstructured":"Cohen J, editor. Statiscal Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. New Jersey: La Wrence Erlabaum Associates, Publishers; 1988."},{"issue":"1","key":"2390_CR31","first-page":"52","volume":"20","author":"C-Y Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin C-Y, Lee H-W, Liu C-F, Lan S-J, Chu C-L. Effect of Tai Chi and Qigong on functional physical fitness in elderly. Sports Exerc Res. 2018;20(1):52\u201363.","journal-title":"Sports Exerc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2390_CR32","first-page":"50","volume":"12","author":"RE Taylor-Piliae","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taylor-Piliae RE, Haskell WL, Stotts NA, Froelicher ES. Improvement in balance, strength, and flexibility after 12 weeks of Tai chi exercise in ethnic Chinese adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006;12(2):50\u20138.","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2390_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15008","volume":"65","author":"R Lomas-Vega","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lomas-Vega R, Obrero-Gaitan E, Molina-Ortega FJ, Del-Pino-Casado R. Tai Chi for Risk of Falls. A Meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(9):2037\u201343.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2390_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-23","volume":"10","author":"C Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang C, Bannuru R, Ramel J, Kupelnick B, Scott T, Schmid CH. Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10(1):23.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2390_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811205010019","volume":"5","author":"H Blake","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blake H, Hawley H. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical and psychological health of older people. Curr Aging Sci. 2012;5(1):19\u201327.","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"2390_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.01.008","volume":"70","author":"N Lok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lok N, Lok S, Canbaz M. The effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms and quality of life among elderly nursing home residents: Randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;70:92\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2390_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24832","volume":"61","author":"C Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang C, Schmid CH, Hibberd PL, Kalish R, Roubenoff R, Rones R, McAlindon T. Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(11):1545\u201353.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T21:03:52Z","timestamp":1627765432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board of Taipei Medical University approved this study (no. N201709036), and informed consent forms was signed by each subject from communities in the current study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"449"}}