{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:56:08Z","timestamp":1793235368529,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) proposed the concept of locomotive syndrome (LS) in 2007 for detecting high-risk individuals with mobility limitation. In 2020, the JOA revised the clinical decision limits and introduced LS stage 3, which carried the highest-risk for LS compared to the conventional stages, 1 and 2. The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence, comorbidities, and physical characteristics in each LS stage, as per the LS criteria 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 2077 participants (64.9% women; mean age, 68.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4\u2009years) from the Nagahama Study aged \u226560\u2009years. Participants were classified into 4 groups, non-LS and LS stages 1, 2, and 3, based on a 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale. The prevalence of comorbidities (sarcopenia, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, low back pain [LBP], and knee pain) were investigated. Physical characteristics were measured based on the physical performance tests including gait speed, five-times chair-stand, single-leg stand, and short physical performance battery; muscle strength tests including grip, knee extension, hip flexion, and abduction; and body-composition analysis including muscle quantity and quality. Differences in the prevalence of comorbidities between LS stages were tested using the chi-square test. The general linear model was performed for univariate and multivariate analyses with post-hoc test to compare the differences in physical characteristics among the LS stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of LS increased with age, and the mean prevalence of LS stages 1, 2, and 3 were 24.4, 5.5, and 6.5%, respectively. The prevalence of comorbidities, including sarcopenia, osteoporosis, LBP, and knee pain, increased with worsening LS stage. Physical performance tests were significantly different between LS stages 2 and 3; and muscle strength differed significantly between LS stages 1 and 2. Additionally, in terms of body composition analysis, muscle quality but not muscle quantity showed significant differences among all the LS stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that muscle strengthening and dynamic training, including balance training in LS stage 1 and 2, respectively, were needed for preventing the LS progression. Individuals with LS stage 3 should perform dynamic training and muscle strengthening exercises while receiving treatment for comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02440-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T04:02:48Z","timestamp":1631160168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Prevalence and physical characteristics of locomotive syndrome stages as classified by the new criteria 2020 in older Japanese people: results from the Nagahama study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tome","family":"Ikezoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadao","family":"Tsuboyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Tabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Ichihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Nagahama Study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2004.0022","volume":"41","author":"VA Freedman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Freedman VA, Crimmins E, Schoeni RF, Spillman BC, Aykan H, Kramarow E, et al. 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All the procedures performed in human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants signed the consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"489"}}