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MM was defined as having at least two chronic diseases, and birth periods were classified into five phases: pre-war, early war, late war, famine, and after the famine period. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the effect of the birth phases on MM with adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors. Furthermore, we used agglomerative hierarchical clustering to investigate the co-occurrence of diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants born during the late war phase had the highest prevalence of MM (62.2%) and single chronic diseases compared to participants born during the other phases. Being born in the late war phase was significantly associated with a higher odds of MM (OR\u2009=\u20091.83, 95% CI: 1.15\u20132.91) after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. In women, the prevalence of joint, gastrointestinal, eye diseases, and anxiety was higher, while heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were more common in men. Moreover, three main chronic disease clusters responsible for the observed associations were identified as: joint and psychosomatic, cardiometabolic and, other internal organ diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings imply that adverse early-life exposure may increase the risk of MM in adults aged 65\u201371\u00a0years. Moreover, identified disease clusters are not coincidental and require more investigation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02793-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T07:02:42Z","timestamp":1644562962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact of prenatal and childhood adversity\u00a0effects around World War II on multimorbidity: results from the KORA-Age study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ava","family":"Arshadipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Thorand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Linkohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Rospleszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Ladwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Heier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw035","volume":"71","author":"AR Qui\u00f1ones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qui\u00f1ones AR, Markwardt S, Botoseneanu A. 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