{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:29:12Z","timestamp":1793348952660,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Living arrangements are critical to the survival and well-being of older people, especially in China where the filial piety culture demands adult children care for and serve their parents. The study aimed to explore the association between living arrangements and cognitive decline among older people in China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants included 6,074 older adults over 60 years old (49.65% male, mean age 67.2 years [range 60\u201398]) from four waves (2011\u20132018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Two to four assessments were conducted over a follow-up of an average of 5.3 years (range, 2\u20137). Cognitive function was assessed using an adapted Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Living arrangements were classified as follows: living alone, living with spouse, living with adult children, living with spouse and adult children and living with others. Multilevel models were used to investigate the relationship between living arrangements and cognitive decline, as well as the gender difference.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As the main type of living arrangements of the study participants (44.91%), living with spouse was taken as the reference group. Compared to the reference group, living alone (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.126, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), living with adult children (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.136, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), living with spouse and adult children (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.040, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and living with others (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.155, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were all related to a faster rate of cognitive decline. Further, the association between living arrangements and cognitive decline varied by gender. Living alone (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.192, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) was associated with a faster cognitive decline only in older men. Living with spouse and adult children (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.053, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and living with others (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.179, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were associated with faster cognitive decline only in older women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study suggests that living arrangements in older people in China were associated with cognitive decline, and these associations varied by gender. Greater attention to living arrangements might yield practical implications for preserving the cognitive function of the older population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T17:16:59Z","timestamp":1667927819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Association between living arrangements and cognitive decline in older adults: A nationally representative longitudinal study in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3473_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Ageing and Life Course. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/ageing. Accessed 11 Apr 2022."},{"key":"3473_CR2","unstructured":"Seventh National Population Census of China. http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/pcsj\/. Accessed 11 Apr 2022."},{"key":"3473_CR3","unstructured":"World Alzheimer Report. 2021: Journey through the diagnosis of dementia.:314."},{"key":"3473_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2053","volume":"23","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitchell AJ. The clinical significance of subjective memory complaints in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23:1191\u2013202.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3473_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.10.010","volume":"21","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2013","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler S, Allardyce J, Verhey FRJ, McKeith IG, Matthews F, Brayne C, et al. Cognitive decline and dementia risk in older adults with psychotic symptoms: a prospective cohort study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:119\u201328.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3473_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.10.003","volume":"15","author":"RER Slot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slot RER, Sikkes SAM, Berkhof J, Brodaty H, Buckley R, Cavedo E, et al. Subjective cognitive decline and rates of incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease and non-Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15:465\u201376.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3473_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150095","volume":"48","author":"RF Buckley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buckley RF, Saling MM, Frommann I, Wolfsgruber S, Wagner M. Subjective Cognitive Decline from a Phenomenological Perspective: A Review of the Qualitative Literature. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;48(Suppl 1):125\u201340.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E231","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020231","volume":"15","author":"C Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu C, Li Z, Mao Z. Association between Social Activities and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:E231.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.27","volume":"13","author":"D Aarsland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aarsland D, Creese B, Politis M, Chaudhuri KR, Ffytche DH, Weintraub D, et al. Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13:217\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3473_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13493","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Han W-J, Hu M. Does internet access make a difference for older adults\u2019 cognition in urban China? The moderating role of living arrangements. Health Soc Care Community. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.13493.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"3473_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Jahn HJ, Li J, Ling L, Guo H, et al. A research agenda for aging in China in the 21st century. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;24 Pt B:197\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.08.003"},{"key":"3473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027516680854","volume":"40","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Mao F, Ma J, Hao S, Qian ZM, Elder K, et al. A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Living Arrangements and Health Among Older Adults in China. Res Aging. 2018;40:72\u201397.","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"3473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.019","volume":"75","author":"G Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu G, Dupre ME, Gu D, Mair CA, Chen F. Psychological well-being of the institutionalized and community-residing oldest old in China: the role of children. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75:1874\u201382.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3473_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1371-0","volume":"19","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Cai L, Zhuang M, Hong YA, Fang Y. A longitudinal analysis of the association between the living arrangements and psychological well-being of older Chinese adults: the role of income sources. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:347.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X16000374","volume":"37","author":"S Mazzuco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazzuco S, Meggiolaro S, Ongaro F, Toffolutti V. Living arrangement and cognitive decline among older people in Europe. Aging Soc. 2017;37:1111\u201333.","journal-title":"Aging Soc"},{"key":"3473_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1159\/000351265","volume":"59","author":"AJ Gow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gow AJ, Corley J, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Which social network or support factors are associated with cognitive abilities in old age? Gerontology. 2013;59:454\u201363.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"3473_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02207-9","volume":"21","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Cui PY, Pan YY, Li YX, Waili N, Li Y. Association between housing environment and depressive symptoms among older people: a multidimensional assessment. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:259.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01422-5","volume":"20","author":"Q Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng Q, Liu W. Inequalities in cognitive impairment among older adults in China and the associated social determinants: a decomposition approach. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20:82.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"3473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X16001495","volume":"38","author":"B Gubhaju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gubhaju B, \u00d8stbye T, Chan A. Living arrangements of community-dwelling older Singaporeans: predictors and consequences. Aging Soc. 2018;38:1174\u201398.","journal-title":"Aging Soc"},{"key":"3473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027510392387","volume":"33","author":"M Sereny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sereny M. Living Arrangements of Older Adults in China: The Interplay Among Preferences, Realities, and Health. Res Aging. 2011;33:172\u2013204.","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"3473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000048632","volume":"13","author":"A Sibley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sibley A, MacKnight C, Rockwood K, Fisk J, Gauthier S, Guzman DA, et al. The Effect of the Living Situation on the Severity of Dementia at Diagnosis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2002;13:40\u20135.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"3473_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-006-9015-1","volume":"20","author":"CL Kincannon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kincannon CL, He W, West LA. Demography of Aging in China and the United States and the Economic Well-Being of their Older Populations. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2006;20:243\u201355.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Gerontol"},{"key":"3473_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/2654651","volume":"26","author":"N Gerstel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gerstel N, Logan JR, Spitze GD. Family Ties: Enduring Relations between Parents and Their Grown Children. Contemp Sociol. 1997;26:735.","journal-title":"Contemp Sociol"},{"key":"3473_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9080991","volume":"9","author":"N Xiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiang N, Liu E, Li H, Qin X, Liang H, Yue Z. The Association between Widowhood and Cognitive Function among Chinese Elderly People: Do Gender and Widowhood Duration Make a Difference? Healthc (Basel). 2021;9:991.","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel)"},{"key":"3473_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-010-9205-4","volume":"31","author":"K Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan K, Father. Son, Wife, Husband: Philanthropy as Exchange and Balance. J Fam Econ Iss. 2010;31:387\u201395.","journal-title":"J Fam Econ Iss"},{"key":"3473_CR26","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Strauss J, Chen X, Wang Y, Gong J, Meng Q, et al. CHINA HEALTH AND RETIREMENT LONGITUDINAL STUDY WAVE 4 USER\u2019S GUIDE.:52."},{"key":"3473_CR27","unstructured":"Y Z YH, Jp S. J S, G Y. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). International journal of epidemiology. 2014;43."},{"key":"3473_CR28","first-page":"951","volume":"47","author":"X Lei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lei X, Hu Y, McArdle JJ, Smith JP, Zhao Y. Gender Differences in Cognition among Older Adults in China. J Hum Resour. 2012;47:951\u201371.","journal-title":"J Hum Resour"},{"key":"3473_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14368","volume":"65","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li J, Cacchione PZ, Hodgson N, Riegel B, Keenan BT, Scharf MT, et al. Afternoon Napping and Cognition in Chinese Older Adults: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Baseline Assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:373\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"3473_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1308-7","volume":"19","author":"T Qin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qin T, Yan M, Fu Z, Song Y, Lu W, Fu A, et al. Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:305.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye X, Zhu D, He P. Earlier migration, better cognition? The role of urbanization in bridging the urban-rural cognition gaps in middle and older age. Aging Ment Health. 2021;:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab168.271"},{"key":"3473_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572","volume":"314","author":"JM Bland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG. Cronbach\u2019s alpha. BMJ. 1997;314:572.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3473_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9:179\u201386.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"3473_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02223-9","volume":"21","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L, Cui H, Chen Q, Li Y, Yang C, Yang Y. A web-based dynamic Nomogram for predicting instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults: a nationally representative survey in China. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:311.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113481998","volume":"20","author":"T Bj\u00f6rgvinsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rgvinsson T, Kertz SJ, Bigda-Peyton JS, McCoy KL, Aderka IM. Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample. Assessment. 2013;20:429\u201336.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"3473_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.028","volume":"120","author":"X Lei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lei X, Sun X, Strauss J, Zhang P, Zhao Y. Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study national baseline. Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:224\u201332.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3473_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.08.041","volume":"98","author":"DE Yeatts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeatts DE, Pei X, Cready CM, Shen Y, Luo H, Tan J. Village characteristics and health of rural Chinese older adults: examining the CHARLS Pilot Study of a rich and poor province. Soc Sci Med. 2013;98:71\u20138.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3473_CR38","volume-title":"Multilevel statistical models","author":"H Goldstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goldstein H, Goldstein H. Multilevel statistical models. 2nd ed. London: New York: E. Arnold ; Oxford University Press; 1995.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3473_CR39","first-page":"49","volume":"43","author":"P Diggle","year":"1994","unstructured":"Diggle P, Kenward MG. Informative Drop-Out in Longitudinal Data Analysis. J Royal Stat Soc Ser C (Applied Statistics). 1994;43:49\u201393.","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc Ser C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"3473_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"jomo. A Flexible Package for Two-level Joint Modelling Multiple Imputation. The R Journal. 2019;11.","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2019-028"},{"key":"3473_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Using Sample Survey. Weights in Multiple Regression Analyses of Stratified Samples. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1983;78.","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10478006"},{"key":"3473_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Role of Sampling Weights When Modeling Survey Data. International Statistical Review \/ Revue Internationale De Statistique. 1993;61.","DOI":"10.2307\/1403631"},{"key":"3473_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampling Weights and Regression Analysis. Sociological Methods &Amp Research. 1994;23.","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124194023002004"},{"key":"3473_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"General Multi-Level Modeling with Sampling Weights. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 2006;35.","DOI":"10.1080\/03610920500476598"},{"key":"3473_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Struggles with Survey. Weighting and Regression Modeling. Statistical Science. 2007;22.","DOI":"10.1214\/088342306000000691"},{"key":"3473_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prevalence. and Patterns of Multimorbidity in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Chinese: Results From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2019;75.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz185"},{"key":"3473_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Physical multimorbidity. health service use, and catastrophic health expenditure by socioeconomic groups in China: an analysis of population-based panel data. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30127-3"},{"key":"3473_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Wang Z. Dynamics of family households and elderly living arrangements in China, 1990\u20132010. China popul dev stud. 2018;2:129\u201357.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42379-018-0010-3"},{"key":"3473_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.1.S1","volume":"46","author":"NL Chappell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chappell NL. Living arrangements and sources of caregiving. J Gerontol. 1991;46:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"3473_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","volume":"11","author":"Y Stern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:1006\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3473_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316274","volume":"89","author":"A Sommerlad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sommerlad A, Ruegger J, Singh-Manoux A, Lewis G, Livingston G. Marriage and risk of dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89:231\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3473_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.12.014","volume":"81","author":"IEM Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans IEM, Llewellyn DJ, Matthews FE, Woods RT, Brayne C, Clare L, et al. Living alone and cognitive function in later life. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;81:222\u201333.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01743-5","volume":"33","author":"P-R Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu P-R, Wei R, Cheng B-J, Wang A-J, Li X, Li H-B, et al. The association of marital status with cognitive function and the role of gender in Chinese community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:2273\u201381.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3473_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt321","volume":"179","author":"H Vidarsdottir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vidarsdottir H, Fang F, Chang M, Aspelund T, Fall K, Jonsdottir MK, et al. Spousal loss and cognitive function in later life: a 25-year follow-up in the AGES-Reykjavik study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179:674\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3473_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000323","volume":"74","author":"SF Lang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lang SF, Fowers BJ. An expanded theory of Alzheimer\u2019s caregiving. Am Psychol. 2019;74:194\u2013206.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3473_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733019881713","volume":"28","author":"I Luichies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luichies I, Goossensen A, der Meide H van. Caregiving for ageing parents: A literature review on the experience of adult children. Nurs Ethics. 2021;28:844\u201363.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"3473_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0343-x","volume":"16","author":"SH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee SH, Kim YB. Which type of social activities may reduce cognitive decline in the elderly?: a longitudinal population-based study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:165.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3473_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000016","volume":"76","author":"NT Aggarwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, Beck TL, Rajan KB, Mendes de Leon CF, Evans DA, et al. Perceived stress and change in cognitive function among adults 65 years and older. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:80\u20135.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3473_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514556893","volume":"55","author":"H Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu H, Waite L. Bad marriage, broken heart? Age and gender differences in the link between marital quality and cardiovascular risks among older adults. J Health Soc Behav. 2014;55:403\u201323.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"3473_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650404500106","volume":"45","author":"K Williams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williams K, Umberson D. Marital status, marital transitions, and health: a gendered life course perspective. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45:81\u201398.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"3473_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650804900301","volume":"49","author":"H Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu H, Umberson DJ. The times they are a changin\u2019: marital status and health differentials from 1972 to 2003. J Health Soc Behav. 2008;49:239\u201353.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"3473_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000358584","volume":"4","author":"L Feng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng L, Ng X-T, Yap P, Li J, Lee T-S, H\u00e5kansson K, et al. Marital Status and Cognitive Impairment among Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: The Role of Gender and Social Engagement. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2014;4:375\u201384.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra"},{"key":"3473_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx142","volume":"186","author":"J Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao J, Scholes S. Association of Social Support and Cognitive Aging Modified by Sex and Relationship Type: A Prospective Investigation in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186:787\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T02:04:14Z","timestamp":1668132254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethics Review Committee at Peking University approved the study, and all participants signed an informed consent form prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"843"}}