{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:46:21Z","timestamp":1792165581587,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Populations are ageing globally and Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are experiencing the fastest rates of demographic change. Few studies have explored the burden of frailty amongst older people in hospital in LMICs, where healthcare services are having to rapidly adapt to align with the needs of older people. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of frailty amongst older people admitted to hospital in Tanzania and to explore their demographic and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study had a prospective observational design. Over a six-month period, all adults\u2009\u2265\u200960 years old admitted to medical wards in four hospitals in northern Tanzania were invited to participate. They were screened for frailty using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the Frailty Phenotype (FP). Demographic and clinical characteristics of interest were recorded in a structured questionnaire. These included the Barthel Index, the Identification of Elderly Africans Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADEA-IADL) and Cognitive (IDEA-Cog) screens, the EURO-D depression scale and Confusion Assessment Method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      540 adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200960 were admitted, and 308 completed assessment. Frailty was present in 66.6% using the CFS and participants with frailty were significantly older, with lower levels of education and literacy, greater disability, greater comorbidity, poorer cognition and higher levels of delirium. Using the FP, 57.0% of participants were classed as frail though a majority of participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009159, 51.6%) could not be classified due to a high proportion of missing data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that the prevalence of frailty on medical wards in northern Tanzania is high according to the CFS. However, the challenges in operationalising the FP in this setting highlight the need for future work to adapt frailty screening tools for an African context. Future investigations should also seek to correlate frailty status with long-term clinical outcomes after admission in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1708934542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing frailty amongst older people admitted to hospital in a low-income setting: a multicentre study in northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sean L","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Emmence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara May","family":"Motraghi-Nobes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Bickerstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Rayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godrule","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kilasara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Chuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunatus","family":"Kisheo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elibariki","family":"Kisaruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Urasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine L","family":"Dotchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4789_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. World Health Organisation; 2015."},{"key":"4789_CR2","unstructured":"Life expectancy at birth, total. (years) - Tanzania [https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2020&locations=TZ&start=2000]."},{"key":"4789_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwanyangala MA, Mayombana C, Urassa H, Charles J, Mahutanga C, Abdullah S, Nathan R. Health status and quality of life among older adults in rural Tanzania. Glob Health Action 2010, 3.","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v3i0.2142"},{"key":"4789_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan MP. Healthcare for older people in lower and middle income countries. Age Ageing 2022, 51(4).","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac016"},{"issue":"10","key":"4789_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30370-5","volume":"7","author":"JJ Bigna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bigna JJ, Noubiap JJ. The rising burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-saharan Africa. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(10):e1295\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146\u2013156.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.008","volume":"27","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. Frailty defined by deficit accumulation and geriatric medicine defined by frailty. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1):17\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"9868","key":"4789_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"4789_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","volume":"173","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, Mitnitski A. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489\u201395.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"4789_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.007","volume":"31","author":"E Dent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dent E, Kowal P, Hoogendijk EO. Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: a review. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;31:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"4789_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S411470","volume":"18","author":"A Lindh Mazya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindh Mazya A, Axmon A, Sandberg M, Bostr\u00f6m AM. Discordance in Frailty measures in Old Community Dwelling people with Multimorbidity - A cross-sectional study. Clin Interv Aging. 2023;18:1607\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"4789_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100960","volume":"56","author":"AIL Cunha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cunha AIL, Veronese N, de Melo Borges S, Ricci NA. Frailty as a predictor of adverse outcomes in hospitalized older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2019;56:100960.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx166","volume":"47","author":"SG Parker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parker SG, McCue P, Phelps K, McCleod A, Arora S, Nockels K, Kennedy S, Roberts H, Conroy S. What is Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)? An umbrella review. Age Ageing. 2017;47(1):149\u201355.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs119","volume":"42","author":"CL Dotchin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dotchin CL, Akinyemi RO, Gray WK, Walker RW. Geriatric medicine: services and training in Africa. Age Ageing. 2013;42(1):124\u20138.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0967-0","volume":"18","author":"EG Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis EG, Coles S, Howorth K, Kissima J, Gray W, Urasa S, Walker R, Dotchin C. The prevalence and characteristics of frailty by frailty phenotype in rural Tanzania. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):283.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"4789_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis EG, Rogathi J, Kissima J, Breckons M, Lee R, Urasa S. A cross-cultural investigation of the conceptualisation of frailty in northern Tanzania. Aging Soc 2021:1\u201334.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X21000520"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v53i3.5","volume":"53","author":"LA Adebusoye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adebusoye LA, Cadmus EO, Owolabi MO, Ogunniyi A. Frailty and mortality among older patients in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana Med J. 2019;53(3):210\u20136.","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"4789_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i7.13439","volume":"109","author":"NTN Leopold-George","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leopold-George NTN, Nethathe GD. Frailty in perioperative patients in three South African academic hospitals. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(7):535\u201340.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0694-y","volume":"17","author":"CF Payne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Payne CF, Wade A, Kabudula CW, Davies JI, Chang AY, Gomez-Olive FX, Kahn K, Berkman LF, Tollman SM, Salomon JA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of frailty in an older rural African population: findings from the HAALSI cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):293.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"4789_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.05.012","volume":"91","author":"RB Biritwum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biritwum RB, Minicuci N, Yawson AE, Theou O, Mensah GP, Naidoo N, Wu F, Guo Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Y, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with frailty and disability in older adults from China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Maturitas. 2016;91:8\u201318.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01801-7","volume":"20","author":"S Church","year":"2020","unstructured":"Church S, Rogers E, Rockwood K, Theou O. A scoping review of the clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):393.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa219","volume":"50","author":"R O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O\u2019Donovan MR, Molloy DW, Clegg A, Rockwood K, Liew A. Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age Ageing. 2021;50(1):96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"4789_CR23","first-page":"453","volume":"11","author":"J Bieniek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bieniek J, Wilczy\u0144ski K, Szewieczek J. Fried frailty phenotype assessment components as applied to geriatric inpatients. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:453\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0078-0","volume":"15","author":"LPM Op het Veld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Op het Veld LPM, van Rossum E, Kempen GIJM, de Vet HCW, Hajema K, Beurskens AJHM. Fried phenotype of frailty: cross-sectional comparison of three frailty stages on various health domains. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):77.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4789_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys210","volume":"41","author":"P Kowal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kowal P, Chatterji S, Naidoo N, Biritwum R, Fan W, Lopez Ridaura R, Maximova T, Arokiasamy P, Phaswana-Mafuya N, Williams S. Data resource profile: the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1639\u201349.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0040-1","volume":"15","author":"S-M Paddick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paddick S-M, Gray WK, Ogunjimi L, lwezuala B, Olakehinde O, Kisoli A, Kissima J, Mbowe G, Mkenda S, Dotchin CL, et al. Validation of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly africans (IDEA) cognitive screen in Nigeria and Tanzania. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):53.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"4789_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25988","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25988","volume":"7","author":"C Collingwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collingwood C, Paddick SM, Kisoli A, Dotchin CL, Gray WK, Mbowe G, Mkenda S, Urasa S, Mushi D, Chaote P, et al. Development and community-based validation of the IDEA study Instrumental activities of Daily Living (IDEA-IADL) questionnaire. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:25988.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR28","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Maryland State Med J. 1965;14(2):61\u20135.","journal-title":"Maryland State Med J"},{"key":"4789_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0390-4","volume":"15","author":"M Guerra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guerra M, Ferri C, Llibre J, Prina AM, Prince M. Psychometric properties of EURO-D, a geriatric depression scale: a cross-cultural validation study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:12.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4789_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","volume":"113","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method: a new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02377-6","volume":"21","author":"RC Ambagtsheer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ambagtsheer RC, Moussa RK. Association of frailty with health service utilisation and health care expenditure in sub-saharan Africa: evidence from Cote d\u2019Ivoire. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):446.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"4789_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doody P, Asamane EA, Aunger JA, Swales B, Lord JM, Greig CA, Whittaker AC. The prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty among geriatric hospital inpatients and its association with economic prosperity and healthcare expenditure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 467,779 geriatric hospital inpatients. Ageing Res Rev 2022:101666.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101666"},{"issue":"12","key":"4789_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv066","volume":"108","author":"SJ Wallis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RWS, Romero-Ortuno R. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM: Int J Med. 2015;108(12):943\u20139.","journal-title":"QJM: Int J Med"},{"key":"4789_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong E, Ho E, Baldevarona-Llego J, Chan M, Wu L, Tay L. Frailty and Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Comparison of Different Frailty Measures. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017, 18(7):638.e637-638.e611.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.011"},{"issue":"7","key":"4789_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12827","volume":"17","author":"P Hartley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartley P, Adamson J, Cunningham C, Embleton G, Romero-Ortuno R. Clinical frailty and functional trajectories in hospitalized older adults: a retrospective observational study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(7):1063\u20138.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.19.196","volume":"19","author":"S Juma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juma S, Taabazuing MM, Montero-Odasso M. Clinical Frailty Scale in an Acute Medicine Unit: a simple Tool that predicts length of Stay. Can Geriatr J. 2016;19(2):34\u20139.","journal-title":"Can Geriatr J"},{"issue":"10","key":"4789_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0667-9","volume":"19","author":"M Ritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritt M, Schwarz C, Kronawitter V, Delinic A, Bollheimer LC, Gassmann KG, Sieber CC. Analysis of Rockwood Et Al\u2019s clinical Frailty Scale and Fried Et Al\u2019s Frailty phenotype as predictors of mortality and other clinical outcomes in older patients who were admitted to a geriatric Ward. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(10):1043\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"4789_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S243211","volume":"15","author":"L Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhang J, Shen S, Hong X, Zeng X, Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen L, Chen X. Association between body composition and frailty in elder inpatients. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:313\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"4789_CR39","first-page":"662","volume":"12","author":"L Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang L, Zhang SY, Zhu WL, Pang HY, Zhang L, Zhu ML, Liu XH, Liu YT. Is frailty associated with short-term outcomes for elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome? J Geriatr Cardiol. 2015;12(6):662\u20137.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4789_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1610-107","volume":"47","author":"ZA \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk ZA, \u00d6zdemir S, T\u00fcrkbeyler \u0130H, Demir Z. Quality of life and fall risk in frail hospitalized elderly patients. Turk J Med Sci. 2017;47(5):1377\u201383.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"4789_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.10.008","volume":"95","author":"P Villacampa-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Villacampa-Fern\u00e1ndez P, Navarro-Pardo E, Tar\u00edn JJ, Cano A. Frailty and multimorbidity: two related yet different concepts. Maturitas. 2017;95:31\u20135.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"4789_CR42","first-page":"CD006211","volume":"9","author":"G Ellis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ellis G, Gardner M, Tsiachristas A, Langhorne P, Burke O, Harwood RH, Conroy SP, Kircher T, Somme D, Saltvedt I, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD006211.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4789_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15503","volume":"66","author":"I Persico","year":"2018","unstructured":"Persico I, Cesari M, Morandi A, Haas J, Mazzola P, Zambon A, Annoni G, Bellelli G. Frailty and Delirium in older adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(10):2022\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i2.13275","volume":"109","author":"LA Adebusoye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adebusoye LA, Kalula SZ. Mortality among older patients admitted to the medical wards of Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, 2010\u20132013. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(2):116\u201321.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"4789_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.12.021","volume":"89","author":"EH Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon EH, Peel NM, Samanta M, Theou O, Howlett SE, Hubbard RE. Sex differences in frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol. 2017;89:30\u201340.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.017","volume":"21","author":"G Kojima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kojima G, Walters K, Iliffe S, Taniguchi Y, Tamiya N. Marital status and risk of physical Frailty: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):322\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692013000400009","volume":"21","author":"DR Oliveira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira DR, Bettinelli LA, Pasqualotti A, Corso D, Brock F, Erdmann AL. Prevalence of frailty syndrome in old people in a hospital institution. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2013;21(4):891\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1615","volume":"172","author":"GV Ostir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ostir GV, Berges I, Kuo Y-F, Goodwin JS, Ottenbacher KJ, Guralnik JM. Assessing gait speed in acutely ill older patients admitted to an acute care for elders hospital unit. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):353\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1053-y","volume":"19","author":"K Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim K, Howson FFA, Culliford DJ, Sayer AA, Roberts HC. The feasibility of assessing frailty and sarcopenia in hospitalised older people: a comparison of commonly used tools. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):42.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.113","volume":"168","author":"KE Ensrud","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Cawthon PM, Stone KL, Hillier TA, Cauley JA, Hochberg MC, Rodondi N, et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4789_CR51","first-page":"M366","volume":"56","author":"LZ Rubenstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salv\u00e0 A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for Undernutrition in Geriatric Practice: developing the short-form Mini-nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF). Journals Gerontology: Ser A. 2001;56(6):M366\u201372.","journal-title":"Journals Gerontology: Ser A"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2017.1298957","volume":"43","author":"WK Gray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gray WK, Orega G, Kisoli A, Rogathi J, Paddick SM, Longdon AR, Walker RW, Dewhurst F, Dewhurst M, Chaote P, et al. Identifying Frailty and its outcomes in older people in Rural Tanzania. Exp Aging Res. 2017;43(3):257\u201373.","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.07.013","volume":"33","author":"F Landi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Landi F, Onder G, Russo A, Liperoti R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R. Calf circumference, frailty and physical performance among older adults living in the community. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(3):539\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-4065(94)90018-3","volume":"8","author":"SR Kaufman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kaufman SR. The social construction of frailty: an anthropological perspective. J Aging Stud. 1994;8(1):45\u201358.","journal-title":"J Aging Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198601)42:1<28::AID-JCLP2270420104>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"42","author":"JG Orme","year":"1986","unstructured":"Orme JG, Reis J, Herz EJ. Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. J Clin Psychol. 1986;42(1):28\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4789_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381\u201395.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T04:08:13Z","timestamp":1709006893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04789-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics and all experimental protocols for this study were granted by: the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (No. NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol. IX\/377); the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Research and Ethical Review Committee, Tanzania (No. 2543); and the Newcastle University Research Ethics Committee, United Kingdom (No. 1836\/17436\/2019). All methods were carried out in accordance with local and international guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Swahili information and consent forms were given to participants and all provided written informed consent. Those lacking capacity were included if an informant (person aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 years, who knew the patient well, and was not acting in a paid or professional capacity) assented on their behalf. For those with capacity who were unable to read to a sufficient standard to understand the information sheet, the informed consent form was read aloud by a Tanzanian researcher in the presence of an informant and, if consenting, the form was completed with a thumbprint instead of a signature and this process was approved by the ethics boards named above as part of the study protocol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable as all individual data is anonymised and individual participants are not identifiable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"190"}}