{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:09:02Z","timestamp":1788268142830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013357","name":"Indian Statistical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Multi-morbidity is a pervasive and growing issue worldwide. The prevalence of multi-morbidity varies across different populations and settings, but it is particularly common among older adults. It poses substantial physical, psychological, and socio-economic burdens on individuals, caregivers and healthcare systems. In this context, the present study aims to provide an insight on the prevalence and degree of multi-morbidity; and also, on the relationship between level of multi-morbidity and morbid conditions among a group of slum-dwelling older women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the slum areas of urban Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It includes total 500 older women, aged 60 years or above. Pre-tested schedules on so-demographic and morbidity profile have canvassed to obtain the information by door-to-door survey. To determine the relationship between the level of multi-morbidity and morbid conditions, correspondence analysis has performed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study revealed three most prevalent morbid conditions- back and\/or joint pain, dental caries\/cavity and hypertension. The overall prevalence of multi-morbidity was 95.8% in this group of older women. It was highly over-represented by the oldest-old age group (80 years and above). Majority were found to suffer from five simultaneous morbid conditions that accounted for 15.2% of the total respondents. All of the oldest-old women of this study reported to suffer from more than two medical conditions simultaneously. Three distinct groups were formed based on the inter-relationship between level of multi-morbidity and morbid conditions. The group 1 and 2 represents only 27.8% and 18% of the total sample. Whereas, group 3 comprises the highest level of morbidities (\u2265\u20096) and 52.8% of total sample, and strongly related with general debilities, cardiac problems, asthma\/COPD, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal problems, neurological disorders, hypothyroidism and oral health issues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The findings confirmed the assertion that multi-morbidity in slum living older adults is a problem with high prevalence and complexity. This study proposes an easily replicable approach of understanding complex interaction of morbidities that can help further in identifying the healthcare needs of older adults to provide them with healthy and more productive life expectancy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T02:01:31Z","timestamp":1721613691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation on the prevalence and patterns of multi-morbidity among a group of slum-dwelling older women of Kolkata, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anushka","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barun","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.109466","volume":"3","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Nikumb V, Thakur R. Health problems among the elderly: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2141-9248.109466.","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"5078_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5827-3","volume-title":"Ageing issues in India: practices, perspectives and policies","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S. Living with age in slums: a systematic review. In: Shankardass MK, editor. Ageing issues in India: practices, perspectives and policies. Singapore: Springer; 2021. p. 115\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5827-3."},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"5078_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19S","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827609335350","volume":"3","author":"RE McKeown","year":"2009","unstructured":"McKeown RE. The epidemiologic transition: changing patterns of mortality and population dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009;3(1_suppl):19S\u201326S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559827609335350.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5078_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2014.09.002","volume":"62","author":"T Lef\u00e8vre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lef\u00e8vre T, d\u2019Ivernois JF, de Andrade V, Crozet C, Lombrail P, Gagnayre R. What do we mean by multimorbidity? An analysis of the literature on multimorbidity measures, associated factors, and impact on health services organization. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2014;62(5):305\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respe.2014.09.002.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"issue":"5","key":"5078_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv181","volume":"71","author":"FP Held","year":"2015","unstructured":"Held FP, Blyth F, Gnjidic D, Hirani V, Naganathan V, Waite LM, et al. Association rules analysis of comorbidity and multimorbidity: the concord health and aging in men project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;71(5):625\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glv181.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"5078_CR6","unstructured":"Multimorbidity: a priority for global health research. London; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/acmedsci.ac.uk\/file-download\/82222577. Cited 2023 Feb 9."},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15256\/joc.2016.6.72","volume":"6","author":"R Navickas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Navickas R, Petric VK, Feigl AB, Seychell M. Multimorbidity: what do we know? What should we do? J Comorb. 2016;6(1):4\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15256\/joc.2016.6.72.","journal-title":"J Comorb"},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51135-7","volume":"9","author":"B Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez B, Reilly RB, Kenny RA. Investigation of multimorbidity and prevalent disease combinations in older Irish adults using network analysis and association rules. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51135-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5078_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121137","volume":"98","author":"A Marengoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marengoni A, Winblad B, Karp A, Fratiglioni L. Prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly population in Sweden. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(7):1198\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121137.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5078_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v29i4.8458","volume":"29","author":"MA Khanam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khanam MA, Streatfield P, Kabir Z, Qiu C, Cornelius C, Wahlin \u00c5. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity among elderly people in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29(4):406.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5078_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097832","volume":"9","author":"P Banjare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Banjare P, Pradhan J. Socio-economic inequalities in the prevalence of multi-morbidity among the rural elderly in Bargarh district of Odisha (India). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e97832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0097832.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000100009","volume":"64","author":"TCM de N\u00f3brega","year":"2009","unstructured":"de N\u00f3brega TCM, Jaluul O, Machado AN, Paschoal SMP, Jacob Filho W. Quality of life and multimorbidity of elderly outpatients. Clinics. 2009;64(1):45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1807-59322009000100009.","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1180-3","volume":"17","author":"S Pati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pati S, Swain S, Knottnerus JA, Metsemakers JFM, van den Akker M. Health related quality of life in multimorbidity: a primary-care based study from Odisha, India. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2019;17(1):116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-019-1180-3.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401557164","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244015571640","volume":"5","author":"P Arokiasamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya, Jain K. Multi-morbidity, functional limitations, and self-rated health among older adults in India: cross-sectional analysis of LASI pilot survey, 2010. Sage Open. 2015;5(1):2158244015571640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244015571640.","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"5078_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0635-7","volume":"15","author":"XX Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XX, Lin WQ, Chen XJ, Lin YY, Huang LL, Zhang SC, et al. Multimorbidity associated with functional independence among community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional study in Southern China. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0635-7.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"5078_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103931","volume":"86","author":"NR Pivetta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pivetta NR, Marincolo JC, Neri AL, Aprahamian I, Yassuda MS, Borim FS. Multimorbidity, frailty and functional disability in octogenarians: a structural equation analysis of relationship. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;86:103931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103931.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"5078_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly110","volume":"74","author":"DL Vetrano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vetrano DL, Palmer K, Marengoni A, Marzetti E, Lattanzio F, Roller-Wirnsberger R, et al. Frailty and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol Ser A. 2019;74(5):659\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/gly110.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A"},{"issue":"2","key":"5078_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/jgmh.jgmh_1_20","volume":"6","author":"S Grover","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grover S. Multimorbidity in the elderly: are we prepared for it! J Geriatr Ment Health. 2020;6(2):35\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jgmh.jgmh_1_20.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Ment Health"},{"key":"5078_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-89","volume":"12","author":"I Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer I, Hansen H, Sch\u00f6n G, H\u00f6fels S, Altiner A, Dahlhaus A, et al. The influence of age, gender and socio-economic status on multimorbidity patterns in primary care. First results from the multicare cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-89.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5078_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12762","volume":"42","author":"TI Pathirana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pathirana TI, Jackson CA. Socioeconomic status and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2018;42(2):186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-6405.12762.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"5078_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101025","volume":"15","author":"KN Anushree","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anushree KN, Mishra PS. Prevalence of multi-morbidities among older adults in India: evidence from national sample survey organization, 2017\u201318. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;15:101025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101025.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"5078_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S12941","volume":"9","author":"NL Jensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jensen NL, Pedersen HS, Vestergaard M, Mercer SW, Gl\u00fcmer C, Prior A. The impact of socioeconomic status and multimorbidity on mortality: a population-based cohort study. Clin Epidemiol. 2017;9:279\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S12941.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5078_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395307081504","volume":"3","author":"AE Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker AE. Multiple chronic diseases and quality of life: patterns emerging from a large national sample, Australia. Chronic Illn. 2007;3(3):202\u201318.","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"issue":"5","key":"5078_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.528","volume":"4","author":"M Fortin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fortin M, Bravo G, Hudon C, Lapointe L, Dubois MF, Almirall J. Psychological distress and multimorbidity in primary care. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4(5):417\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.528.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"5078_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-014-1124-1","volume":"9","author":"PM Mannucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mannucci PM, Nobili A, Tettamanti M, Pasina L, Franchi C, Sparacio E, et al. Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly: lessons from REPOSI. Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9:723\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-014-1124-1.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"5078_CR26","unstructured":"SPSS Inc. PASW statistics for windows. Chicago; 2009."},{"issue":"11","key":"5078_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20151178","volume":"3","author":"B Shubha Davalagi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shubha Davalagi B, Angadi N, Mahabalaraju D. Morbidity and psycho-social profile of the elderly population in urban slums of Davangere city, India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2015;3(11):3288\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20151178.","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5078_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.220030","volume":"6","author":"K Barua","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barua K, Borah M, Deka C, Kakati R. Morbidity pattern and health-seeking behavior of elderly in urban slums: a cross-sectional study in Assam, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6(2):345\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2249-4863.220030.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"5078_CR29","first-page":"110","volume":"6","author":"PA Razak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Razak PA, Richard KJ, Thankachan RP, Hafiz KA, Kumar KN, Sameer KM. Geriatric oral health: a review article. JIOH. 2014;6(6):110\u20136.","journal-title":"JIOH"},{"key":"5078_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S. Influence of living arrangements on the psychological health of older women in slums. GeroPsych. 2022;35(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1662-9647\/a000277.","DOI":"10.1024\/1662-9647\/a000277"},{"issue":"8","key":"5078_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5455\/njcm.20210709064840","volume":"12","author":"R Dhar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhar R, Vidya GS, Kashyap R. Morbidity pattern among the geriatric population in an urban area of Davangere, Karnataka. Natl J Community Med. 2021;12(8):230\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/njcm.20210709064840.","journal-title":"Natl J Community Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5078_CR32","first-page":"1996","volume":"9","author":"S Bose","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bose S, Roy P. Evaluation of health profile of geriatric population in urban slums of Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2022;9(3):1996\u20132003.","journal-title":"Eur J Mol Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5078_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145372","volume":"10","author":"M Ruiz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruiz M, Bottle A, Long S, Aylin P. Multi-morbidity in hospitalised older patients: who are the complex elderly? PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0145372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145372.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"5078_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145372","volume":"17","author":"Y Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee Y, Kim H, Jeong H, Noh Y. Patterns of multimorbidity in adults: an association rules analysis using the Korea health panel. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0145372.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5078_CR35","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund. Report on the status of elderly in select states of India, 2011. 2012. https:\/\/india.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/AgeingReport_2012_F.pdf."},{"key":"5078_CR36","unstructured":"Himanshu, Talukdar B. Prevalence of multimorbidity (chronic NCDS) and associated determinants among elderly in India. Demogr India. 2017;(2017):69\u201376."}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1721657093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05078-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional ethical approval for the study was obtained from \u2018The review Committee for Protection of Research Risks to Humans\u2019, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata (ISI Ethics Clearence no. ISI-IEC\/2018\/10\/02A).Informed consent was obtained from each of the participants or from their guardian\/caregiver prior to data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"624"}}