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This study builds on the evidence by examining the association between frailty and functional difficulty between low- and higher-income groups and between older men and women in these income groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study adopted a cross-sectional design that complied with the STROBE checklist and included steps against confounding and common methods bias. The population was community-dwelling older adults aged 50\u00a0years or older in two urban neighbourhoods in Accra, Ghana. Participants were either in the low-income group in a low socioeconomic neighbourhood (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009704) or the higher-income group in a high socioeconomic neighbourhood (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009510). The minimum sample necessary was calculated, and the hierarchical linear regression analysis was utilised to analyse the data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Frailty was positively associated with functional difficulty in the low- and higher-income samples, but this association was stronger in the higher-income sample. Frailty was positively associated with frailty in men and women within the low- and higher-income samples.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The association of frailty with functional difficulty was consistent between low- and higher-income samples, although the strength of the relationship differed between these samples. In both income samples, the foregoing relationship was consistent between men and women, although the strength of the relationship differed between men and women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05534-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T12:00:54Z","timestamp":1731672054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of frailty with functional difficulty in older Ghanaians: stability between women and men in two samples with different income levels"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nestor","family":"Asiamah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0429-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emelia","family":"Danquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1011-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar Ramos","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hjorth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5727-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reginald Arthur-Mensah","family":"Jnr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon Mawulorm","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1817-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz T. 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