{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:03:55Z","timestamp":1792202635909,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mobility is fundamental to healthy ageing and quality of life. Mobility decline has been associated with functional impairment, falls, disability, dependency, and death among older adults. We explored the sociodemographic determinants of mobility decline among community-dwelling older Canadians.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was a secondary analysis of a six-year follow-up of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (CLSA). Our analysis was based on 3882 community-dwelling older adults 65 years or older whose mobility was measured using timed-up and go (TUG) and 4-meter walk (4MWT) tests at baseline and follow-ups 1 and 2 after three- and six-year intervals, respectively. We analysed the cross-sectional and longitudinal association, main and interaction effects of the participants\u2019 sociodemographic characteristics on mobility decline using chi-square, Pearson\u2019s correlation, mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA, and bivariate and multivariate linear regression tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At baseline, 52% of the participants were female, 70.4% were married, and the average age was 68.82\u2009<jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\u20092.78 years. Mean TUG and 4MWT scores were 9.59\u2009<jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\u20091.98\u00a0s and 4.29\u2009<jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\u20090.95\u00a0s, respectively. There was a strong positive longitudinal correlation between TUG and 4MWT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.65 to 0.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating concurrent validity of 4MWT. The multivariate linear regression (for TUG) showed that older age (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.088, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), being a female (\u03b2=-0.035, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), retired (\u03b2=-0.058, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Canadian born (\u03b2=-0.046, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), non-Caucasian (\u03b2=-0.063, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), tenant (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.050, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), having no spouse\/partner (\u03b2=-0.057, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), household income of $50,000-$99,999 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.039, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), wealth\/investment lower than $50,000 (\u03b2=-0.089, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower social status (\u03b2=-0.018,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025), secondary education and below (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.043, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and living in certain provinces compared to others, were significant predictors of a six-year mobility decline.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study underscored the impact of modifiable and non-modifiable sociodemographic determinants of mobility trajectory. There is a need for nuanced ageing policies that support mobility in older adults, considering sociodemographic inequalities through equitable resource distribution, including people of lower socioeconomic backgrounds.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T10:02:39Z","timestamp":1732701759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sociodemographic determinants of mobility decline among community-dwelling older adults: findings from the Canadian longitudinal study on ageing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ogochukwu Kelechi","family":"Onyeso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiedozie James","family":"Alumona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adesola Christiana","family":"Odole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwagbohunmi A.","family":"Awosoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03859-5","volume":"23","author":"EM Reijnierse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reijnierse EM, Geelen SJG, van der Schaaf M, Visser B, W\u00fcst RCI, Pijnappels M, Meskers CGM. Towards a core-set of mobility measures in ageing research: the need to define mobility and its constructs. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):220.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5582_CR2","first-page":"468","volume":"11","author":"J Carver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carver J, Ganus A, Ivey JM, Plummer T, Eubank A. The impact of mobility assistive technology devices on participation for individuals with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2016;11(6):468\u201377.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.1.7","volume":"7","author":"AE Patla","year":"1999","unstructured":"Patla AE, Shumway-Cook A. Dimensions of mobility: defining the complexity and difficulty associated with community mobility. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7(1):7\u201319.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"3","key":"5582_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt054","volume":"54","author":"MR Umstattd Meyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Umstattd Meyer MR, Janke MC, Beaujean AA. Predictors of older adults\u2019 personal and community mobility: using a comprehensive theoretical mobility framework. Gerontologist. 2014;54(3):398\u2013408.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnq013","volume":"50","author":"SC Webber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webber SC, Porter MM, Menec VH. Mobility in older adults: a comprehensive framework. Gerontologist. 2010;50(4):443\u201350.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"5582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soubra R, Chkeir A, Novella J-L. A systematic review of thirty-one assessment tests to evaluate mobility in older adults. Biomed Res Int. 2019:1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1354362"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04106-7","volume":"23","author":"P Maresova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maresova P, Krejcar O, Maskuriy R, Bakar NAA, Selamat A, Truhlarova Z, et al. Challenges and opportunity in mobility among older adults \u2013 key determinant identification. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):447.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5582_CR8","first-page":"397","volume":"47","author":"CSW Chua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chua CSW, Lim WM, Teh P-L. An aging and values-driven theory of mobility. Act Adapt Aging. 2023;47(3):397\u2013413.","journal-title":"Act Adapt Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"5582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53372.x","volume":"53","author":"A Shumway-Cook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shumway-Cook A, Ciol MA, Yorkston KM, Hoffman JM, Chan L. Mobility limitations in the medicare population: prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(7):1217\u201321.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04994.x","volume":"48","author":"M Hirvensalo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hirvensalo M, Rantanen T, Heikkinen E. Mobility difficulties and physical activity as predictors of mortality and loss of independence in the community-living older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(5):493\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00881","volume":"11","author":"E Freiberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freiberger E, Sieber CC, Kob R. Mobility in older community-dwelling persons: a narrative review. Front Physiol. 2020;11:881.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300631","volume":"102","author":"WA Satariano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Satariano WA, Guralnik JM, Jackson RJ, Marottoli RA, Phelan EA, Prohaska TR. Mobility and aging: new directions for public health action. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(8):1508\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016004235.x","volume":"16","author":"LI Iezzoni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iezzoni LI, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Siebens H. Mobility difficulties are not only a problem of old age. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(4):235\u201343.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S298","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/63.5.S298","volume":"63","author":"B Mezuk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mezuk B, Rebok GW. Social integration and social support among older adults following driving cessation. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008;63(5):S298\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182920","volume":"12","author":"J Shafrin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shafrin J, Sullivan J, Goldman DP, Gill TM. The association between observed mobility and quality of life in the near elderly. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0182920.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5582_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ageing and health 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health"},{"key":"5582_CR17","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging. Maintaining mobility and preventing disability are key to living independently as we age. 2020. https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/news\/maintaining-mobility-and-preventing-disability-are-key-living-independently-we-age"},{"key":"5582_CR18","unstructured":"Bizier C, Fawcett G, Gilbert S. Canadian survey on disability, 2012: mobility disabilities among canadians aged 15 years and older, 2012. Stat Can. 2016. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/89-654-x\/89-654-x2016005-eng.htm"},{"key":"5582_CR19","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Older adults and population aging statistics. 2023. https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/subjects-start\/older_adults_and_population_aging"},{"key":"5582_CR20","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Social determinants of health and health inequalities. 2014. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/health-promotion\/population-health\/what-determines-health.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12848","volume":"22","author":"ME Kalu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalu ME, Bello-Haas VD, Griffin M, Boamah S, Harris J, Zaide M, et al. Cognitive, psychological and social factors associated with older adults\u2019 mobility: a scoping review of self-report and performance-based measures. Psychogeriatrics. 2022;22(4):553\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02190-9","volume":"12","author":"OK Onyeso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onyeso OK, Odole AC, Scott DR, Akinrolie O, Kalu ME, Awosoga OA. Association between sociodemographic factors and mobility limitation among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst rev. 2023;12(1):19.","journal-title":"Syst rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"5582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz173","volume":"48","author":"P Raina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raina P, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith LE, Balion C, Cossette B, et al. Cohort profile: the Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA). Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(6):1752\u2013j3.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"5582_CR24","first-page":"S350","volume":"63","author":"K Bennell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bennell K, Dobson F, Hinman R. Measures of physical performance assessments: self-paced walk test (SPWT), stair climb test (SCT), six-minute walk test (6MWT), chair stand test (CST), timed up & go (TUG), sock test, lift and carry test (LCT), and car task. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(Suppl 11):S350\u201370.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"5582_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters DM, Fritz SL, Krotish DE. Assessing the reliability and validity of a shorter walk test compared with the 10-meter walk test for measurements of gait speed in healthy, older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013;36(1).","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e318248e20d"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153583","volume":"11","author":"M Maggio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maggio M, Ceda GP, Ticinesi A, De Vita F, Gelmini G, Costantino C, et al. Instrumental and non-instrumental evaluation of 4-meter walking speed in older individuals. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0153583.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980809990055","volume":"28","author":"PS Raina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raina PS, Wolfson C, Kirkland SA, Griffith LE, Oremus M, Patterson C, et al. The Canadian longitudinal study on aging (clsa). Can J Aging. 2009;28(3):221\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"5582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","volume":"39","author":"D Podsiadlo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed up & go: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"5582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.2.128","volume":"82","author":"TM Steffen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: six-minute walk test, berg balance scale, timed up & go test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002;82(2):128\u201337.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"5582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.586","volume":"19","author":"NE Adler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychol. 2000;19(6):586\u201392.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"5582_CR31","volume-title":"Testing statistical assumptions","author":"GD Garson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garson GD. Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical associates publishing; 2012."},{"key":"5582_CR32","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics. 6 Ed","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6 Ed. MA: Pearson; 2013."},{"key":"5582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartholomew S, Demers A, Desjardins S, Doyon C, Gardiner H, Ghanem S et al. Aging and chronic diseases: A profile of Canadian seniors. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2021:1-178. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/diseases-conditions\/aging-chronic-diseases-profile-canadian-seniors-report.html","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.41.1.04"},{"issue":"2","key":"5582_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2020.10.003","volume":"42","author":"T Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu T, Zhao Y. Associations between functional fitness and walking speed in older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(2):540\u20133.","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"5582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.005","volume":"95","author":"KA Boyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyer KA, Johnson RT, Banks JJ, Jewell C, Hafer JF. Systematic review and meta-analysis of gait mechanics in young and older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2017;95:63\u201370.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5582_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X15000227","volume":"36","author":"FV Wheaton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheaton FV, Crimmins EM. Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability. Ageing Soc. 2016;36(6):1136\u201356.","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.1.S41","volume":"55","author":"SG Leveille","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leveille SG, Penninx BW, Melzer D, Izmirlian G, Guralnik JM. Sex differences in the prevalence of mobility disability in old age: the dynamics of incidence, recovery, and mortality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000;55(1):S41\u201350.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156828","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156828","volume":"11","author":"T Ahmed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmed T, Vafaei A, Auais M, Guralnik J, Zunzunegui MV. Gender roles and physical function in older adults: cross-sectional analysis of the international mobility in aging study (IMIAS). PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0156828.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"5582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.712195","volume":"35","author":"G Idland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Idland G, Rydwik E, Sm\u00e5stuen MC, Bergland A. Predictors of mobility in community-dwelling women aged 85 and older. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(11):881\u20137.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"5582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr102","volume":"66","author":"RJ Thorpe Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thorpe RJ Jr., Koster A, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Harris T, Ayonayon HN, et al. Race, socioeconomic resources, and late-life mobility and decline: findings from the health, aging, and body composition study. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(10):1114\u201323.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464818780631","volume":"39","author":"E V\u00e1squez","year":"2020","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez E, Germain CM, Tang F, Lohman MC, Fortuna KL, Batsis JA. The role of ethnic and racial disparities in mobility and physical function in older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 2020;39(5):502\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0935-0","volume":"18","author":"DC Dover","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dover DC, Belon AP. The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):36.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"5582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.12.1411","volume":"299","author":"R Voelker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Voelker R. Decades of work to reduce disparities in health care produce limited success. JAMA. 2008;299(12):1411\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"5582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2012.712625","volume":"17","author":"D Lie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lie D, Carter-Pokras O, Braun B, Coleman C. What do health literacy and cultural competence have in common? Calling for a collaborative health professional pedagogy. J Health Commun. 2012;17(Suppl 3):13\u201322.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"5582_CR45","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health equity: Social determinant of health. 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/health_equity\/en\/"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5582_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300062","volume":"101","author":"PA Braveman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braveman PA, Kumanyika S, Fielding J, Laveist T, Borrell LN, Manderscheid R, Troutman A. Health disparities and health equity: the issue is justice. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(Suppl 1):S149\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5582_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5930.00183","volume":"18","author":"F Peter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peter F. Health equity and social justice. J Appl Philos. 2001;18(2):159\u201370.","journal-title":"J Appl Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3682-9","volume":"16","author":"JM Perkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perkins JM, Lee H-y, James KS, Oh J, Krishna A, Heo J, et al. Marital status, widowhood duration, gender and health outcomes: a cross-sectional study among older adults in India. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1032.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023079219538","volume":"17","author":"M Sengupta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sengupta M, Agree EM. Gender and disability among older adults in north and south India: differences associated with coresidence and marriage. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2002;17(4):313\u201336.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03587-3","volume":"21","author":"B Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain B, Yadav PK, Nagargoje VP, Vinod Joseph KJ. Association between physical limitations and depressive symptoms among Indian elderly: marital status as a moderator. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):573.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5582_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4236\/aar.2012.12005","volume":"1","author":"DB Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson DB, Osei-Waree J, Hewitt J, Broad A. Canadian provincial, territorial, and federal government aging policies: a systematic review. Adv Aging Res. 2012;1:38\u201346.","journal-title":"Adv Aging Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"5582_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207183","volume":"70","author":"E Garc\u00eda-Esquinas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Esquinas E, P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez B, Guallar-Castill\u00f3n P, Banegas JR, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Rodr\u00edguez-Artalejo F. Housing conditions and limitations in physical function among older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(10):954\u201360.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/47.1.96","volume":"47","author":"F Oswald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oswald F, Wahl H-W, Schilling O, Nygren C, F\u00e4nge A, Sixsmith A, et al. Relationships between housing and healthy aging in very old age. Gerontologist. 2007;47(1):96\u2013107.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12015","volume":"13","author":"YK Do","year":"2013","unstructured":"Do YK, Kim CS. Home ownership and fall-related outcomes among older adults in South Korea. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(4):867\u201373.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"5582_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.023","volume":"65","author":"KV Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith KV, Goldman N. Socioeconomic differences in health among older adults in Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(7):1372\u201385.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5582_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0670-3","volume":"16","author":"A Darin-Mattsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darin-Mattsson A, Fors S, K\u00e5reholt I. Different indicators of socioeconomic status and their relative importance as determinants of health in old age. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):173.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"5582_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.04.001","volume":"3","author":"H Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez H, Pebley A, Goldman N. Links between primary occupation and functional limitations among older adults in Mexico. SSM - Popul Health. 2017;3:382\u201392.","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5582_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa196","volume":"76","author":"SM Kyr\u00f6nlahti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyr\u00f6nlahti SM, Stenholm S, Raitanen J, Neupane S, Koskinen S, Tiainen K. Educational differences in decline in maximum gait speed in older adults over an 11-year follow-up. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(4):703\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5582_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.063","volume":"60","author":"MA Beydoun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beydoun MA, Popkin BM. The impact of socio-economic factors on functional status decline among community-dwelling older adults in China. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(9):2045\u201357.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5582_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00259-8","volume":"52","author":"V Cattell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cattell V. Poor people, poor places, and poor health: the mediating role of social networks and social capital. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(10):1501\u201316.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5582_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.31","volume":"21","author":"M Marmot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marmot M. The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21(2):31\u201346.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"3","key":"5582_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.06.031","volume":"100","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bohannon RW, Wang YC. Four-meter gait speed: normative values and reliability determined for adults participating in the NIH toolbox study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(3):509\u201313.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T11:02:56Z","timestamp":1732705376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05582-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Health Research Ethics Board of the University of Alberta approved the study protocol for this CLSA secondary analysis (reference number: Pro00129371). The original CLSA protocol was reviewed and approved by 13 university-based ethics committees across Canada []. The CLSA obtained informed consent from study participants before data collection []. We did not have access to identifiable information of the participants. Details about the study are available at  (accessed on 06 January 2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"972"}}