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To ensure these technologies are practical and relevant, people-centred design is essential. This study aims to explore the involvement of various stakeholders across different developmental stages to inform the design and assess the capabilities of unobtrusive sensing solutions being developed as part of the Advanced Care Research Centre (ACRC), Edinburgh, UK.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I (Ideation), discussions were held with stakeholders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919), including senior geriatricians (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), healthcare and care home professionals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094), PPI experts (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), researchers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) and public members aged 65 and above from the ACRC Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) Network (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097). The goal was to identify clinically significant health parameters and design preferences. Based on this, prototypes of unobtrusive sensors for monitoring movement, hydration, and respiration were developed. In Phase II (Development and Co-Design), an in-person PPI workshop was conducted with PPI experts (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), researchers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) and PPI members (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098). The developed prototypes were demonstrated, and qualitative feedback was collected through focus group discussions on themes such as acceptability, usability, privacy, data sharing, and functionality enhancement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Stakeholder input from Phase I emphasized the importance of non-contact sensing technologies that maintain privacy. Movement, hydration, and respiration were identified as critical health parameters. In Phase II, PPI members were optimistic about the prototypes, valuing their unobtrusive design and privacy-preserving features. Key themes identified included (1) the need for user-customized alarms, (2) clear data-sharing protocols, and (3) the importance of embedding sensors into familiar household objects. Suggestions for refining the prototypes included adding functionality for detecting deviations in daily routines and integrating feedback mechanisms for caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Involving diverse stakeholders from the early stages of technology development enhanced the relevance and acceptability of unobtrusive sensing solutions. This study highlights the importance of integrating public perspectives into the design process. For successful implementation, developers of healthcare technologies should prioritize privacy, usability, and clear communication with end-users and caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05674-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T08:59:01Z","timestamp":1737449941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patient and public involvement in the co-design and assessment of unobtrusive sensing technologies for care at home: a user-centric design approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Gillani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Saied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaesha","family":"Alzaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tughrul","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5674_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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The NIHR states, \u201cPatient and public involvement should inform research questions or research design with Public and Patient (and carer) opinions []\u201d. Moreover, it also explicitly states that if \u201copinions are collected rather than study data, the activity is likely an involvement activity; for example, asking for feedback on a questionnaire counts as involvement as long as you do not ask for or record the public contributor\u2019s responses to the questions but their opinions on the suitability\/wording of the questions\u201d []. However, to validate the unobtrusive sensors developed by the engineering researchers, the studies were approved by the University of Edinburgh\u2019s School of Engineering ethical review board, reference numbers 2109414 and 1908056.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The PPI event has been reported according to the guidelines specified by GRIPP2 (Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public) long form []. This is an international consensus for the agreed checklist while reporting a PPI study. The information presented in this paper to map the requirements and checklist for GRIPP2 long form is provided in the supplementary material (Appendix ).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"GRIPP2 reporting guidelines"}}],"article-number":"48"}}