{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T07:32:51Z","timestamp":1788593571109,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T13:46:36Z","timestamp":1745588796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cognitive frailty: a useful concept or a source of confusion? Insights from a survey of European geriatricians"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Timmons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0812-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Faherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5430-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bellelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4848-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Morandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Fedecostante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Coin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7375-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan D.","family":"Shenkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6042-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar","family":"Soysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49185.x","volume":"49","author":"A Paganini-Hill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paganini-Hill A, Clark LJ, Henderson VW, Birge SJ. Clock drawing: analysis in a retirement community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:941\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5930_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.008","volume":"27","author":"F Panza","year":"2006","unstructured":"Panza F, D\u2019Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Parigi AD, Capurso SA, et al. Cognitive frailty: predementia syndrome and vascular risk factors. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:933\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR3","volume-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. Volume 56. Biological sciences and medical sciences: Journals of Gerontology Series A; 2001."},{"key":"5930_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.147","volume":"17","author":"BCM Stephan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephan BCM, Hunter S, Harris D, Llewellyn DJ, Siervo M, Matthews FE, et al. The neuropathological profile of mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:1056\u201376.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5930_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0367-2","volume":"17","author":"E Kelaiditi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelaiditi E, Cesari M, Canevelli M, van Abellan G, Ousset P-J, Gillette-Guyonnet S, et al. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A.\/I.A.G.G.) international consensus group. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:726\u201334.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.05.22","volume":"15","author":"CW Won","year":"2018","unstructured":"Won CW, Lee Y, Kim S, Yoo J, Kim M, Ng T-P, et al. Modified criteria for diagnosing cognitive frailty. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15:839\u201342.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"5930_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138170","volume":"19","author":"Z Hui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hui Z, Wang X, Zhou Y, Li Y, Ren X, Wang M. Global research on cognitive frailty: A bibliometric and visual analysis of papers published during 2013\u20132021. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:8170.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5930_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05896.x","volume":"68","author":"RJ Gobbens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Schols JM. Testing an integral conceptual model of frailty. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68:2047\u201360.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"5930_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo C-Y, Sun Z, Tan C-C, Tan L, Xu W. Multi-Concept frailty predicts the Late-Life occurrence of cognitive decline or dementia: an updated systematic review and Meta-Analysis of longitudinal studies. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.855553"},{"key":"5930_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1273-z","volume":"23","author":"E Dent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Woodhouse L, Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as L, Fried LP, et al. Physical frailty: ICFSR international clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23:771\u201387.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.06.017","volume":"128","author":"TP Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MSZ, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2015;128:1225\u2013e12361.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5930_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.05.018","volume":"25","author":"V Solfrizzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Lozupone M, Seripa D, Giannini M, Sardone R, et al. Additive role of a potentially reversible cognitive frailty model and inflammatory state on the risk of disability: the Italian longitudinal study on aging. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2017;25:1236\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"5930_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2019.29","volume":"8","author":"M Kiiti Borges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiiti Borges M, Oiring de Castro Cezar N, Silva Santos Siqueira A, Yassuda M, Cesari M, Aprahamian I. The relationship between physical frailty and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: A systematic review. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8:192\u20137.","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02136.x","volume":"57","author":"JA Avila-Funes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Avila-Funes JA, Amieva H, Barberger-Gateau P, Le Goff M, Raoux N, Ritchie K, et al. Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the phenotype of frailty for adverse health outcomes: the three-city study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:453\u201361.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5930_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0110-9","volume":"15","author":"TW Auyeung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Auyeung TW, Lee JSW, Kwok T, Woo J. Physical frailty predicts future cognitive decline \u2014 A four-year prospective study in 2737 cognitively normal older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:690\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02671.x","volume":"58","author":"PA Boyle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA. Physical frailty is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment in community-based older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:248\u201355.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5930_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00026","volume":"6","author":"MK Borges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borges MK, Canevelli M, Cesari M, Aprahamian I. Frailty as a predictor of cognitive disorders: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:26.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"5930_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.05.014","volume":"124","author":"G Grande","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grande G, Triolo F, Nuara A, Welmer A-K, Fratiglioni L, Vetrano DL. Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Exp Gerontol. 2019;124:110625.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"5930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui M, Zhang S, Liu Y, Gang X, Wang G. Grip strength and the risk of cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625551"},{"key":"5930_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01550-y","volume":"33","author":"G Basile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basile G, Sardella A. From cognitive to motor impairment and from sarcopenia to cognitive impairment: a bidirectional pathway towards frailty and disability. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:469\u201378.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"5930_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.06.004","volume":"12","author":"DA Robertson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robertson DA, Savva GM, Kenny RA. Frailty and cognitive impairment\u2013a review of the evidence and causal mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:840\u201351.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"5930_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318294b462","volume":"80","author":"AS Buchman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchman AS, Yu L, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. Association of brain pathology with the progression of frailty in older adults. Neurology. 2013;80:2055\u201361.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facal D, Burgo C, Spuch C, Gaspar P, Campos-Magdaleno M. Cognitive frailty: an update. Front Psychol. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.813398"},{"key":"5930_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104431","volume":"149","author":"O Fennelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fennelly O, Grogan L, Reed A, Hardiker NR. Use of standardized terminologies in clinical practice: A scoping review. Int J Med Informatics. 2021;149:104431.","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"},{"key":"5930_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faherty M, Curtin C, Bellelli G, Brunetti E, Bo M, Morandi A et al. The perceptions of European geriatricians on the co-occurrence and links between dementia, delirium and frailty. Eur Geriatr Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-025-01173-4"},{"key":"5930_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls119","volume":"68","author":"L Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as L, F\u00e9art C, Mann G, Vi\u00f1a J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, et al. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:62\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"5930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-019-0279-z","volume":"8","author":"Q-L Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue Q-L, Buta B, Ma L, Ge M, Carlson M. Integrating frailty and cognitive phenotypes: why, how, now what?? Curr Geriatr Rep. 2019;8:97\u2013106.","journal-title":"Curr Geriatr Rep"},{"key":"5930_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","volume":"8","author":"Y Stern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:448\u201360.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"5930_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0735-9","volume":"21","author":"L Sargent","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sargent L, Brown R. Assessing the current state of cognitive frailty: measurement properties. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21:152\u201360.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0521","volume":"11","author":"L Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma L, Chan P. Understanding the physiological links between physical frailty and cognitive decline. Aging Disease. 2020;11:405\u201318.","journal-title":"Aging Disease"},{"key":"5930_CR31","first-page":"731","volume":"62","author":"H Bergman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, Hogan DB, Hummel S, Karunananthan S, et al. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical Paradigm\u2014Issues and controversies. Journals Gerontology: Ser A. 2007;62:731\u20137.","journal-title":"Journals Gerontology: Ser A"},{"key":"5930_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00017-z","volume":"1","author":"LP Fried","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fried LP, Cohen AA, Xue Q-L, Walston J, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nat Aging. 2021;1:36\u201346.","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"5930_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz134","volume":"74","author":"NM Chu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chu NM, Bandeen-Roche K, Tian J, Kasper JD, Gross AL, Carlson MC, et al. Hierarchical development of frailty and cognitive impairment: clues into etiological pathways. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74:1761\u201370.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T13:46:40Z","timestamp":1745588800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05930-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was performed in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained from the Social Research Ethics Committee in University College Cork, Ireland. The survey did not collect personal data and IP addresses were not recorded. A detailed information front page was provided to all participants outlining the purpose of the survey and how their data would be used. Informed consent was via a tick box in advance of starting the survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"280"}}