{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:54:49Z","timestamp":1788782089890,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration Double Chain Integration Middle Youth Research and Innovation Team Project","award":["2022-SLRH-LJ-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SLRH-LJ-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T10:19:30Z","timestamp":1755166770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Habitual sweet and bitter beverage consumption in relation to the risk of frailty and sarcopenia-related traits: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xingzhi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6307_CR1","first-page":"95","volume":"101","author":"ST Larson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larson ST, Wilbur J. Muscle weakness in adults: evaluation and differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(2):95\u2013108.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13804-7","volume":"22","author":"M Yusuf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yusuf M, et al. Associations between childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position and grip strength at age 46 years: findings from the 1970 British cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1427.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"6307_CR3","first-page":"226","volume":"54","author":"R O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Caoimh R, et al. Prevalence of frailty at population level in European ADVANTAGE joint action member states: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2018;54(3):226\u201338.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0955-4","volume":"18","author":"Y Tamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tamura Y, et al. Prevalence of frailty, cognitive impairment, and sarcopenia in outpatients with cardiometabolic disease in a frailty clinic. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):264.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"6307_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","volume":"60","author":"RM Collard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collard RM, et al. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x","volume":"52","author":"I Janssen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Janssen I, et al. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the united States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(1):80\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz088","volume":"48","author":"L Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han L, et al. The impact of frailty on healthcare resource use: a longitudinal analysis using the clinical practice research datalink in England. Age Ageing. 2019;48(5):665\u201371.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"6307_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111561","volume":"155","author":"G Colleluori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colleluori G, Villareal DT. Aging, obesity, sarcopenia and the effect of diet and exercise intervention. Exp Gerontol. 2021;155: 111561.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6307_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1664-7","volume":"58","author":"MD Machado-Fragua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machado-Fragua MD, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of physical function impairment, frailty and disability in older adults. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(4):1415\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"14","key":"6307_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz061","volume":"28","author":"VW Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong VW, et al. A genome-wide association study of bitter and sweet beverage consumption. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(14):2449\u201357.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"6307_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183861","author":"LJ Dominguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dominguez LJ, et al. Adherence to a healthy beverage score is associated with lower frailty risk in older adults. Nutrients. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14183861.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"6307_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003453","volume":"17","author":"EA Struijk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Struijk EA, et al. Sweetened beverages and risk of frailty among older women in the nurses\u2019 health study: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(12):e1003453.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6307_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070654","author":"S Mazeaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazeaud S, et al. Coffee drinking and adverse physical outcomes in the aging adult population: a systematic review. Metabolites. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12070654.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"10","key":"6307_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.10.2349","volume":"50","author":"F Greer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Greer F, et al. Caffeine ingestion decreases glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in sedentary humans. Diabetes. 2001;50(10):2349\u201354.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6307_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRep.S4329","volume":"3","author":"Y Tajima","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tajima Y. Coffee-induced hypokalaemia. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2010;3:9\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"key":"6307_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020418","author":"WC Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang WC, et al. Frailty severity and cognitive impairment associated with dietary diversity in older adults in Taiwan. Nutrients. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020418.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6307_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110694","volume":"122","author":"X Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo X, et al. Mendelian randomization investigation highlights different roles of selenium status in mental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;122: 110694.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"6307_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00842-z","volume":"37","author":"S Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan S, Larsson SC. Adiposity, diabetes, lifestyle factors and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37(7):747\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6307_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031710","volume":"52","author":"EL Harshfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harshfield EL, et al. Modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of stroke: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Stroke. 2021;52(3):931\u20136.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"6307_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.019","volume":"41","author":"P Carter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carter P, et al. Coffee consumption and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(10):2113\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6307_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13459","volume":"20","author":"JL Atkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atkins JL, et al. A genome-wide association study of the frailty index highlights brain pathways in ageing. Aging Cell. 2021;20(9): e13459.","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"6307_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0225-2","volume":"16","author":"JL Sutton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sutton JL, et al. Psychometric properties of multicomponent tools designed to assess frailty in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:55.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"6307_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104316","volume":"134","author":"J Rasiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasiah J, et al. Instruments to assess frailty in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;134:104316.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20918-w","volume":"12","author":"G Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones G, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of muscle weakness identifies 15 susceptibility loci in older men and women. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):654.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"6307_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412\u201323.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","volume":"69","author":"SA Studenski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Studenski SA, et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):547\u201358.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01334-0","volume":"3","author":"YF Pei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pei YF, et al. The genetic architecture of appendicular lean mass characterized by association analysis in the UK biobank study. Commun Biol. 2020;3(1):608.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6307_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac085","volume":"51","author":"X Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, et al. Immunosuppressants contribute to a reduced risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(4):1328\u201338.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, et al. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6307_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani G, et al. The MR-base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.34408.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"6307_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1203","volume":"37","author":"M Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding M, et al. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):569\u201386.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"6307_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005925","volume":"129","author":"M Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding M, et al. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014;129(6):643\u201359.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223148","volume":"12","author":"J Nie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nie J, et al. Independent and joint associations of tea consumption and smoking with Parkinson\u2019s disease risk in Chinese adults. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(5):1693\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0220-7","volume":"15","author":"X Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi X, et al. Acute caffeine ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):103.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"9","key":"6307_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06399-7","volume":"33","author":"X Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng X, et al. The association of coffee consumption with the risk of osteoporosis and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(9):1871\u201393.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"6307_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.02.007","volume":"63","author":"DR Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee DR, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Bone. 2014;63:20\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"6307_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040438","volume":"8","author":"D Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim D, et al. Conflicting effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular diseases: does coffee consumption aggravate pre-existing risk factors? Processes. 2020;8(4):438.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"6307_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1075817","volume":"10","author":"S Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang S, et al. Association between coffee intake and frailty among older American adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2023;10: 1075817.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"18","key":"6307_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.2165\/11585250-000000000-00000","volume":"70","author":"K Seden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seden K, et al. Grapefruit-drug interactions. Drugs. 2010;70(18):2373\u2013407.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0000000000000218","volume":"35","author":"R Severin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Severin R, et al. The crossroads of aging: an intersection of malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia. Top Geriatric Rehabilitation. 2019;35(1):79\u201387.","journal-title":"Top Geriatric Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"6307_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-023-01298-4","volume":"62","author":"C Grange","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grange C, et al. Anti-coagulant treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis in frail patients: impact of frailties on the management of drug-drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(11):1523\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6307_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219855","volume":"77","author":"X Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo X, et al. Tobacco and alcohol consumption and the risk of frailty and falling: a mendelian randomisation study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2023;77(6):349\u201354.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"6307_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae199","author":"S Soltani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soltani S, et al. Alcohol consumption and frailty risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Age Ageing. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afae199.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"6307_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13319","volume":"14","author":"J Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu J, et al. Assessment of the bidirectional causal association between frailty and depression: a Mendelian randomization study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023;14(5):2327\u201334.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"38","key":"6307_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi3902","volume":"9","author":"MG Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng MG, et al. Association between frailty and depression: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Sci Adv. 2023;9(38): eadi3902.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"6307_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282795","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2282795","volume":"15","author":"G Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui G, et al. Gut microbiome and frailty: insight from genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(2):2282795.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"12","key":"6307_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1865263","volume":"62","author":"H Alhabeeb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhabeeb H, et al. Impact of orange juice consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(12):3389\u2013402.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"18","key":"6307_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5107","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020162+","volume":"50","author":"A Gil-Izquierdo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gil-Izquierdo A, Gil MI, Ferreres F. Effect of processing techniques at industrial scale on orange juice antioxidant and beneficial health compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(18):5107\u201314.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"6307_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13118","volume":"14","author":"B Kochlik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kochlik B, et al. Frailty is characterized by biomarker patterns reflecting inflammation or muscle catabolism in multi-morbid patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023;14(1):157\u201366.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"6307_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117727192211307","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719221130719","volume":"17","author":"E Mensah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mensah E, et al. FRailty and arterial stiffness - the role of oXidative stress and inflammation (FRAXI study). Biomark Insights. 2022;17:11772719221130719.","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:24:17Z","timestamp":1757456657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06307-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There were no patients directly involved in the overall process of our study. This study was performed based on publicly available data and no ethical approval was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"622"}}