{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:46:30Z","timestamp":1776739590655,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["23BTY122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BTY122"]}]},{"name":"the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["23BTY122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BTY122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T08:24:20Z","timestamp":1770193460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive alterations in muscle synergies during the recovery step compensate for perturbation-induced stability demands in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Huijie","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haidan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengxue","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qining","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maeruan","family":"Kebbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"7092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a1","volume":"67","author":"E Burns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burns E, Kakara R. Deaths from falls among persons aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years \u2014 United States, 2007\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:509\u201314.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"7092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03354-3","volume":"22","author":"X Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren X, Lutter C, Kebbach M, Bruhn S, Bader R, Tischer T. Lower extremity joint compensatory effects during the first recovery step following slipping and stumbling perturbations in young and older subjects. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03354-3.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"7092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61263-X","volume":"381","author":"SN Robinovitch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robinovitch SN, Feldman F, Yang Y, Schonnop R, Leung PM, Sarraf T, et al. Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study. Lancet. 2013;381:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61263-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4","volume":"8","author":"A Santuz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santuz A, Ekizos A, Eckardt N, Kibele A, Arampatzis A. Challenging human locomotion: stability and modular organisation in unsteady conditions. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.11.003","volume":"44","author":"SA Acu\u00f1a","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acu\u00f1a SA, Francis CA, Franz JR, Thelen DG. The effects of cognitive load and optical flow on antagonist leg muscle coactivation during walking for young and older adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2019;44:8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.11.003.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"7092_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.06.006","volume":"23","author":"CZ Hallal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hallal CZ, Marques NR, Spinoso DH, Vieira ER, Gon\u00e7alves M. Electromyographic patterns of lower limb muscles during apprehensive gait in younger and older female adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23:1145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.06.006.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"7092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr008","volume":"66A","author":"T Hortobagyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hortobagyi T, Finch A, Solnik S, Rider P, DeVita P. Association between muscle activation and metabolic cost of walking in young and old adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66A:541\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glr008.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"7092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.02.014","volume":"93","author":"HK Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim HK, Chou L-S. Lower limb muscle activation in response to balance-perturbed tasks during walking in older adults: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2022;93:166\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.02.014.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"7092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.010","volume":"68","author":"M Afschrift","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afschrift M, van Deursen R, De Groote F, Jonkers I. Increased use of stepping strategy in response to medio-lateral perturbations in the elderly relates to altered reactive tibialis anterior activity. Gait Posture. 2019;68:575\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.010.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"7092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M471","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.6.M471","volume":"53A","author":"P-F Tang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tang P-F, Woollacott MH. Inefficient postural responses to unexpected slips during walking in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53A:M471-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/53A.6.M471.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"7092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00396.2004","volume":"94","author":"AM Schillings","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schillings AM, Mulder T, Duysens J. Stumbling over obstacles in older adults compared to young adults. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94:1158\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00396.2004.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.100796","volume":"23","author":"A Santuz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santuz A, Br\u00fcll L, Ekizos A, Schroll A, Eckardt N, Kibele A, et al. Neuromotor dynamics of human locomotion in challenging settings. iScience. 2020;23:100796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2019.100796.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"7092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Br\u00fcll L, Santuz A, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Schwenk M, Arampatzis A. Spatiotemporal modulation of a common set of muscle synergies during unpredictable and predictable gait perturbations in older adults. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2024;227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.247271","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247271"},{"key":"7092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latash ML, Scholz JP, Sch\u00f6ner G. Toward a New Theory of Motor Synergies. 2007; 11:276\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/mcj.11.3.276","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.11.3.276"},{"key":"7092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.01.002","volume":"17","author":"LH Ting","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ting LH, McKay JL. Neuromechanics of muscle synergies for posture and movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;17:622\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2008.01.002.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"7092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bizzi E, Cheung VCK. The neural origin of muscle synergies. 2013;7 April:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2013.00051","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00051"},{"key":"7092_CR17","unstructured":"Latash ML, Gorniak S, Zatsiorsky VM. Hierarchies of Synergies in Human Movements. 2008;40:29\u201338. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20354578"},{"key":"7092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11970","volume":"9","author":"G Pequera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pequera G, Ram\u00edrez Paulino I, Biancardi CM. Common motor patterns of asymmetrical and symmetrical bipedal gaits. PeerJ. 2021;9:e11970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.11970.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"7092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.04.038","volume":"90","author":"N Mehrabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehrabi N, Schwartz MH, Steele KM. Can altered muscle synergies control unimpaired gait? J Biomech. 2019;90:84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.04.038.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.009","volume":"42","author":"RR Neptune","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neptune RR, Clark DJ, Kautz SA. Modular control of human walking: a simulation study. J Biomech. 2009;42:1282\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.009.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00081.2006","volume":"95","author":"G Cappellini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor Patterns in Human Walking and Running. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3426\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00081.2006.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00048","volume":"7","author":"SA Chvatal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chvatal SA, Ting LH. Common muscle synergies for balance and walking. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013;7:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2013.00048.","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"7092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santuz A, Ekizos A, Janshen L, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Baltzopoulos V, et al. Modular Control of Human Movement During Running: An Open Access Data Set. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9 OCT:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.01509","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01509"},{"key":"7092_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3206887","volume":"30","author":"X Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, He B, Lau KYS, Chan PPK, Liu R, Xie JJ, et al. Age-related modifications of muscle synergies and their temporal activations for overground walking. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2022;30:2700\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3206887.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"7092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2024.106207","volume":"113","author":"C Dussault-Picard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dussault-Picard C, Havashinezhadian S, Turpin NA, Moissenet F, Turcot K, Cherni Y. Age-related modifications of muscle synergies during daily-living tasks: a scoping review. Clin Biomech. 2024;113:106207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2024.106207.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"key":"7092_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215137","volume":"590","author":"F Lacquaniti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lacquaniti F, Ivanenko YP, Zago M. Patterned control of human locomotion. J Physiol. 2012;590:2189\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215137.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"7092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3495514","volume":"32","author":"H Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin H, Ren X, Lutter C, Liang H, Qi F, Yang Q, et al. A gluteus-specific muscle synergy recruited during the first recovery step following a backward pitch perturbation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2024;32:4033\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3495514.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"7092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1855-7","volume":"56","author":"S Roeles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roeles S, Rowe PJ, Bruijn SM, Childs CR, Tarfali GD, Steenbrink F, et al. Gait stability in response to platform, belt, and sensory perturbations in young and older adults. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2018;56:2325\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1855-7.","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"7092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.19.2.178","volume":"19","author":"O Tirosh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tirosh O, Sparrow WA. Identifying heel contact and toe-off using forceplate thresholds with a range of digital-filter cutoff frequencies. J Appl Biomech. 2003;19:178\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.19.2.178.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1007\/s40435-019-00517-w","volume":"7","author":"HFN Al-Shuka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Shuka HFN, Rahman MH, Leonhardt S, Ciobanu I, Berteanu M. Biomechanics, actuation, and multi-level control strategies of power-augmentation lower extremity exoskeletons: an overview. Int J Dyn Control. 2019;7:1462\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40435-019-00517-w.","journal-title":"Int J Dyn Control"},{"key":"7092_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18210-4","volume":"11","author":"VCK Cheung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheung VCK, Cheung BMF, Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, Ha SCW, Chen C-Y, et al. Plasticity of muscle synergies through fractionation and merging during development and training of human runners. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18210-4.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065717500071","volume":"27","author":"A Santuz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santuz A, Ekizos A, Janshen L, Baltzopoulos V, Arampatzis A. On the methodological implications of extracting muscle synergies from human locomotion. Int J Neural Syst. 2017;27:1750007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0129065717500071.","journal-title":"Int J Neural Syst"},{"key":"7092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3615368","volume":"2018","author":"RE Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh RE, Iqbal K, White G, Hutchinson TE. A systematic review on muscle synergies: from building blocks of motor behavior to a neurorehabilitation tool. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018;2018:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3615368.","journal-title":"Appl Bionics Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2016.015","volume":"26","author":"C Ialongo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ialongo C. Understanding the effect size and its measures. Biochem Med. 2016;26:150\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/BM.2016.015.","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"key":"7092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.11144\/Javeriana.upsy10-2.cdcp","volume":"10","author":"G Macbeth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Macbeth G, Razumiejczyk E, Ledesma RD. Cliff\u00b4s delta calculator: a non-parametric effect size program for two groups of observations. Univ Psychol. 2010;10:545\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11144\/Javeriana.upsy10-2.cdcp.","journal-title":"Univ Psychol"},{"key":"7092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00217.2012","volume":"108","author":"ASC Oliveira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oliveira ASC, Gizzi L, Kersting UG, Farina D. Modular organization of balance control following perturbations during walking. J Neurophysiol. 2012;108:1895\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00217.2012.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10061987","volume":"10","author":"RJ Baggen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baggen RJ, van Die\u00ebn JH, Van Roie E, Verschueren SM, Giarmatzis G, Delecluse C, et al. Age-related differences in muscle synergy organization during step ascent at different heights and directions. Appl Sci. 2020;10:1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10061987.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"7092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2023.103116","volume":"90","author":"B Kibushi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kibushi B. Muscle coordination patterns in regulation of medial gastrocnemius activation during walking. Hum Mov Sci. 2023;90:103116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2023.103116.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"7092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.794","volume":"28","author":"H Toda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toda H, Nagano A, Luo Z. Age-related differences in muscle control of the lower extremity for support and propulsion during walking. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28:794\u2013801.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.28.794.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"7092_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00082","volume":"2","author":"H Debelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debelle H, Harkness-Armstrong C, Hadwin K, Maganaris CN, O\u2019Brien TD. Recovery from a forward falling slip: measurement of dynamic stability and strength requirements using a split-belt instrumented treadmill. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2020.00082.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"7092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.01.034","volume":"47","author":"KG Gruben","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruben KG, Boehm WL. Ankle torque control that shifts the center of pressure from heel to toe contributes non-zero sagittal plane angular momentum during human walking. J Biomech. 2014;47:1389\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.01.034.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.052","volume":"47","author":"R Klemetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klemetti R, Steele KM, Moilanen P, Avela J, Timonen J. Contributions of individual muscles to the sagittal- and frontal-plane angular accelerations of the trunk in walking. J Biomech. 2014;47:2263\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.052.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00116-6","volume":"34","author":"R Cham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cham R, Redfern MS. Lower extremity corrective reactions to slip events. J Biomech. 2001;34:1439\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00116-6.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140376","volume":"219","author":"KE Zelik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zelik KE, Adamczyk PG. A unified perspective on ankle push-off in human walking. J Exp Biol. 2016;219:3676\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.140376.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"7092_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.5.1804","volume":"88","author":"P DeVita","year":"2000","unstructured":"DeVita P, Hortobagyi T. Age causes a redistribution of joint torques and powers during gait. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:1804\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.5.1804.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"7092_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.06.007","volume":"25","author":"AJ Chambers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chambers AJ, Cham R. Slip-related muscle activation patterns in the stance leg during walking. Gait Posture. 2007;25:565\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.06.007.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"7092_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.08.004","volume":"37","author":"JR Franz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franz JR, Kram R. How does age affect leg muscle activity\/coactivity during uphill and downhill walking? Gait Posture. 2013;37:378\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.08.004.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"7092_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"KP Madore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Madore KP, Wagner AD. Multicosts of multitasking. Cerebrum. 2019;2019:1\u20138. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32206165","journal-title":"Cerebrum"},{"key":"7092_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100423","volume":"85","author":"S Okada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okada S, Hirakawa K, Takada Y, Kinoshita H. Age-related differences in postural control in humans in response to a sudden deceleration generated by postural disturbance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85:10\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210100423.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"7092_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110718","volume":"128","author":"MM DaSilva","year":"2021","unstructured":"DaSilva MM, Chandran VD, Dixon PC, Loh JM, Dennerlein JT, Schiffman JM, et al. Muscle co-contractions are greater in older adults during walking at self-selected speeds over uneven compared to even surfaces. J Biomech. 2021;128:110718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110718.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111580","volume":"152","author":"M van Mierlo","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Mierlo M, Vlutters M, van Asseldonk EHF, van der Kooij H. Sagittal-plane balance perturbations during very slow walking: strategies for recovering linear and angular momentum. J Biomech. 2023;152:111580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111580.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7092_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.683039","volume":"3","author":"D Yoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoo D, An J, Seo K-H, Lee B-C. Aging affects lower limb joint moments and muscle responses to a split-belt treadmill perturbation. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.683039.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"7092_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.01.003","volume":"53","author":"K Nagai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagai K, Yamada M, Uemura K, Yamada Y, Ichihashi N, Tsuboyama T. Differences in muscle coactivation during postural control between healthy older and young adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53:338\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2011.01.003","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"7092_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pijnappels M, Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, van Die\u00ebn JH. Tripping without falling; lower limb strength, a limitation for balance recovery and a target for training in the elderly. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18:188\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.004"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:28:48Z","timestamp":1776738528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07092-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Rostock, Germany (No. A2019-0231). Before the investigation, all individuals provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"557"}}