{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:27:38Z","timestamp":1784824058401,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:34:19Z","timestamp":1773977659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence and predictors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction among elderly elective surgical patients at selected governmental hospitals in Southern Ethiopia, 2023 GC: a multicenter prospective single arm cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Medhanit","family":"Melese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeneh","family":"Mola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesay","family":"Milkias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailemariam","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.18060\/138","volume":"8","author":"A Smith-Osborne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith-Osborne A. Life span and resiliency theory: A critical review. Adv social work. 2007;8(1):152\u201368.","journal-title":"Adv social work"},{"key":"7320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotekar N, Shenkar A, Hegde AA, editors. Anesthesia Issues in Geriatrics2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74766-8_80"},{"issue":"6","key":"7320_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23892","volume":"73","author":"RD Hofacer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hofacer RD, Deng M, Ward CG, Joseph B, Hughes EA, Jiang C, et al. Cell age-specific vulnerability of neurons to anesthetic toxicity. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(6):695\u2013704.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"7320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642211143","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864221114356","volume":"15","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang X, Huang X, Li M, Jiang Y, Zhang H. Identification of individuals at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2022;15:17562864221114356.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"7320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000671","volume":"122","author":"B Silbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silbert B, Evered L, Scott DA, McMahon S, Choong P, Ames D, et al. Preexisting cognitive impairment is associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction after hip joint replacement surgery. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(6):1224\u201334.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"7320_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12724","volume":"60","author":"S Paredes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paredes S, Cort\u00ednez L, Contreras V, Silbert B. Post-operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months in adults after non-cardiac surgery: a qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(8):1043\u201358.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"7320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110791","volume":"130","author":"X Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y, Yu X. The potential mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older people. Exp Gerontol. 2020;130:110791.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"7320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02268.x","volume":"54","author":"L Krenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krenk L, Rasmussen LS, Kehlet H. New insights into the pathophysiology of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):951\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"7320_CR9","first-page":"1346","volume":"21","author":"Y Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi Y, Li Z, Lin C, Wang Q, Zhou Y. Evaluation of the postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with general anesthesia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(6):1346\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"7320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2015.05.008","volume":"33","author":"M Berger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berger M, Nadler J, Browndyke J, Posunammy V, Cohen HJ, Whitson HE, Mathew JP. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: minding the gaps in our knowledge of a common postoperative complication in the elderly. Anesthesiology clinics. 2015;33(3):517.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"7320_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002729","volume":"131","author":"LA Daiello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daiello LA, Racine AM, Yun Gou R, Marcantonio ER, Xie Z, Kunze LJ, et al. Postoperative Delirium and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: Overlap and Divergence. Anesthesiology. 2019;131(3):477\u201391.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"7320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003514","volume":"127","author":"LA Evered","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evered LA, Silbert BS. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(2):496\u2013505.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"7320_CR13","first-page":"23","volume":"9","author":"M Johansson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johansson M. Cognitive impairment and its consequences in everyday life. Neurology. 2015;9:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7320_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocalevent RD, Berg L, Beutel ME, Hinz A, Zenger M, H\u00e4rter M, Nater U, Br\u00e4hler E. Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-018-0249-9.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0249-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02873-3","volume":"22","author":"P Suraarunsumrit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suraarunsumrit P, Pathonsmith C, Srinonprasert V, Sangarunakul N, Jiraphorncharas C, Siriussawakul A. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older surgical patients associated with increased healthcare utilization: a prospective study from an upper-middle-income country. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):213.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"7320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel B, Agenagnew L. Psychometric Properties of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to Detect Major Neurocognitive Disorder Among Older People in Ethiopia: A Validation Study. 2022;18:1789\u201398.","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S377430"},{"key":"7320_CR17","unstructured":"Yamane Y. Mathematical Formulae for Sample Size Determination. Scientific Research; 1967."},{"key":"7320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The journals of gerontology series a: biological sciences and medical sciences. 2001;56(3):M146\u201357.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146"},{"key":"7320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Sinderen K, Schwarte LA. Diagnostic Criteria of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: A Focused Systematic Review. 2020;2020:7384394.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7384394"},{"issue":"10","key":"7320_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000292204.52313.f3","volume":"107","author":"SA Greenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Greenberg SA. How to try this: the geriatric depression scale: short form. AJN Am J Nurs. 2007;107(10):60\u20139.","journal-title":"AJN Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen103","volume":"101","author":"H Breivik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Breivik Hals EK, et al. Assessment of pain. BJA: Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(1):17\u201324.","journal-title":"BJA: Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"7320_CR22","first-page":"110","volume":"114","author":"I Feinkohl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feinkohl I, Winterer G, Spies CD, Pischon T. Cognitive Reserve and the Risk of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int. 2017;114(7):110\u20137.","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"7320_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.135034","volume":"58","author":"N Kotekar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kotekar N, Kuruvilla CS, Murthy V. Post-operative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: A prospective clinical study. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(3):263\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"issue":"9106","key":"7320_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07382-0","volume":"351","author":"JT Moller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet (London England). 1998;351(9106):857\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.150530","volume":"31","author":"OA Shoair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shoair OA, Grasso Ii MP, Lahaye LA, Daniel R, Biddle CJ, Slattum PW. Incidence and risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older adults undergoing major noncardiac surgery: A prospective study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015;31(1):30\u20136.","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000296071.19434.1e","volume":"108","author":"TG Monk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monk TG, Weldon BC, Garvan CW, Dede DE, van der Aa MT, Heilman KM, et al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(1):18\u201330.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"7320_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00430","volume":"9","author":"S Z\u00e1rate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Z\u00e1rate S, Stevnsner T, Gredilla R. Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:430.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"7320_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02164","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2164","volume":"11","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Cardieri B, Mo Lin H, Liu X, Sano M, Deiner SG. Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to pain and frailty but not cognition or delirium in older surgical patients. Brain Behav. 2021;11(6):e02164.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02178-x","volume":"23","author":"X Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu X, Zhang N, Zhou B, Liu S, Wang F, Wang J, et al. Alcohol consumption may be associated with postoperative delirium in the elderly: the PNDABLE study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023;23(1):222.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"7320_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.07.001","volume":"26","author":"L Gvozdenovi\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gvozdenovi\u0107 L, Antanaskovi\u0107 A. History of alcohol abuse after major non-cardiac surgery and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26(9):e51.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"7320_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14032","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14032","volume":"75","author":"B Ozalp Horsanali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ozalp Horsanali B, Ozkalkanli MY, Tekgul ZT, Yilmaz F. Effect of preoperative hospitalisation period on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing hip surgery under regional anaesthesia. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(5):e14032.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"7320_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.04.041","volume":"60","author":"JS Partridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Partridge JS, Dhesi JK, Cross JD, Lo JW, Taylor PR, Bell R, et al. The prevalence and impact of undiagnosed cognitive impairment in older vascular surgical patients. J Vasc Surg. 2014;60(4):1002\u2013e113.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"7320_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0676-4","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Bao H-G, Lv Y-L, Si Y-N, Han L, Wang H-Y, et al. Risk factors for early postoperative cognitive dysfunction after colorectal surgery. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):6.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:01:43Z","timestamp":1777417303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07320-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5461944\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by Dilla University Institutional Review Board (IRB) with unique protocol number duirb\/031\/23\u2009\u2212\u200905 and consent to participate was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"595"}}