{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:25:41Z","timestamp":1793766341421,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005193","name":"American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005380","name":"American Neurotology Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:41:35Z","timestamp":1776332495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preserving music reward in age-related hearing loss through training and adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine C.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Armache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Arar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Chasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore R.","family":"McRackan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Chern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1408","volume":"172","author":"W Chien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chien W, Lin FR. Prevalence of Hearing Aid Use Among Older Adults in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(3):292\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR2","first-page":"98","volume":"100","author":"TC Michels","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michels TC, Duffy MT, Rogers DJ. Hearing Loss in Adults: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(2):98\u2013108.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"7429_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Report on Hearing; 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240020481."},{"issue":"10113","key":"7429_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","volume":"390","author":"G Livingston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2673\u2013734.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513","volume":"144","author":"DG Loughrey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loughrey DG, Kelly ME, Kelley GA, Brennan S, Lawlor BA. Association of Age-Related Hearing Loss With Cognitive Function, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;144(2):115\u201326.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"10404","key":"7429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01406-X","volume":"402","author":"FR Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin FR, Pike JR, Albert MS, Arnold M, Burgard S, Chisolm T, et al. Hearing intervention versus health education control to reduce cognitive decline in older adults with hearing loss in the USA (ACHIEVE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10404):786\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"7429_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.506","volume":"171","author":"FR Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin FR, Niparko JK, Ferrucci L. Hearing loss prevalence in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(20):1851\u20132.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000325","volume":"33","author":"A Chern","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chern A, Golub JS. Age-related Hearing Loss and Dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2019;33(3):285\u201390.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"7429_CR9","first-page":"703","volume":"72","author":"JA Deal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deal JA, Betz J, Yaffe K, Harris T, Purchase-Helzner E, Satterfield S, et al. Hearing Impairment and Incident Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: The Health ABC Study. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(5):703\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.362","volume":"68","author":"FR Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin FR, Metter EJ, O\u2019Brien RJ, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(2):214\u201320.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"7429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14848","volume":"65","author":"JS Golub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Golub JS, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Schupf N. Observed Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia in a Multiethnic Cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(8):1691\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"7429_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789515","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.789515","volume":"13","author":"A Chern","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chern A, Irace AL, Sharma RK, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Golub JS. The Longitudinal Association of Subclinical Hearing Loss With Cognition in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:789515.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003338","volume":"43","author":"A Chern","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chern A, Sharma RK, Golub JS. Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia: Claims Data From the New York SPARCS Database. Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(1):36\u201341.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7429_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.09.005","volume":"18","author":"JH McDermott","year":"2008","unstructured":"McDermott JH, Oxenham AJ. Music perception, pitch, and the auditory system. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18(4):452\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/108471380400800203","volume":"8","author":"HJ McDermott","year":"2004","unstructured":"McDermott HJ. Music perception with cochlear implants: a review. Trends Amplif. 2004;8(2):49\u201382.","journal-title":"Trends Amplif"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725997","volume":"42","author":"RK Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma RK, Chern A, Golub JS. Age-Related Hearing Loss and the Development of Cognitive Impairment and Late-Life Depression: A Scoping Overview. Semin Hear. 2021;42(1):10\u201325.","journal-title":"Semin Hear"},{"key":"7429_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153331752312148","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175231214833","volume":"38","author":"L Wolff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolff L, Quan Y, Perry G, Forde Thompson W. Music Engagement as a Source of Cognitive Reserve. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2023;38:15333175231214833.","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"4","key":"7429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860601086504","volume":"11","author":"JA Bugos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bugos JA, Perlstein WM, McCrae CS, Brophy TS, Bedenbaugh PH. Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2007;11(4):464\u201371.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"7429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaddock-Heyman L, Loui P, Weng TB, Weisshappel R, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Musical training and brain volume in older adults. Brain Sci. 2021;11(1):50.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010050"},{"key":"7429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00810","volume":"4","author":"S Seinfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seinfeld S, Figueroa H, Ortiz-Gil J, Sanchez-Vives MV. Effects of music learning and piano practice on cognitive function, mood and quality of life in older adults. Front Psychol. 2013;4:810.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.05.026","volume":"291","author":"J Slater","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slater J, Skoe E, Strait DL, O\u2019Connell S, Thompson E, Kraus N. Music training improves speech-in-noise perception: Longitudinal evidence from a community-based music program. Behav Brain Res. 2015;291:244\u201352.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06463.x","volume":"1252","author":"N Kraus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kraus N, Strait DL, Parbery-Clark A. Cognitive factors shape brain networks for auditory skills: spotlight on auditory working memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1252(1):100\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01483-8","volume":"11","author":"DE Gustavson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gustavson DE, Coleman PL, Iversen JR, Maes HH, Gordon RL, Lense MD. Mental health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):370.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"7429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00774","volume":"5","author":"TP Theorell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theorell TP, Lennartsson AK, Mosing MA, Ullen F. Musical activity and emotional competence - a twin study. Front Psychol. 2014;5:774.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirelli LK, Trehub SE, Trainor LJ. Rhythm and melody as social signals for infants. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1423:66\u201372.","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13580"},{"issue":"13","key":"7429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000121107","volume":"107","author":"M Zentner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zentner M, Eerola T. Rhythmic engagement with music in infancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(13):5768\u201373.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735616659552","volume":"45","author":"MK Weinberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinberg MK, Joseph D. If you\u2019re happy and you know it: Music engagement and subjective wellbeing. Psychol Music. 2017;45(2):257\u201367.","journal-title":"Psychol Music"},{"issue":"9","key":"7429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad058","volume":"78","author":"HJ Rouse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rouse HJ, Doyle C, Hueluer G, Torres MD, Peterson LJ, Pan X, et al. Music Engagement and Episodic Memory Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Longitudinal Analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2023;78(9):1484\u201392.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"7429_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1871881","volume":"26","author":"AM Belfi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belfi AM, Moreno GL, Gugliano M, Neill C. Musical reward across the lifespan. Aging Ment Health. 2022;26(5):932\u20139.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"7429_CR30","unstructured":"Organization WH. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health"},{"key":"7429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665684","volume-title":"Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. European Network on Longitudinal Studies on Individual Development","author":"PB Baltes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baltes PB, Baltes MM. Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In: Baltes PB, Baltes MM, editors. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. European Network on Longitudinal Studies on Individual Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. pp. 1\u201334."},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089642","volume":"9","author":"D M\u00fcllensiefen","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcllensiefen D, Gingras B, Musil J, Stewart L. The musicality of non-musicians: an index for assessing musical sophistication in the general population. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89642.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2013.31.2.118","volume":"31","author":"E Mas-Herrero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mas-Herrero E, Marco-Pallares J, Lorenzo-Seva U, Zatorre RJ, Rodriguez-Fornells A. Individual differences in music reward experiences. Music Perception: Interdisciplinary J. 2012;31(2):118\u201338.","journal-title":"Music Perception: Interdisciplinary J"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001615","volume":"46","author":"A Whittom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Whittom A, Chauvette L, B\u00e9gin A, Blanchette I, Tremblay P, Sharp A. Music Perception in Older Adults With Hearing Loss: Protective Effect of Musical Experience. Ear Hear. 2025;46(3):707\u201318.","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"4","key":"7429_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181a61bc0","volume":"30","author":"R Kang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kang R, Nimmons GL, Drennan W, Longnion J, Ruffin C, Nie K, et al. Development and validation of the University of Washington Clinical Assessment of Music Perception test. Ear Hear. 2009;30(4):411\u20138.","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19.1.6","volume":"19","author":"JB Spitzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spitzer JB, Mancuso D, Cheng MY. Development of a clinical test of musical perception: appreciation of music in cochlear implantees (AMICI). J Am Acad Audiol. 2008;19(1):56\u201381.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31824296a9","volume":"33","author":"AT Roy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roy AT, Jiradejvong P, Carver C, Limb CJ. Assessment of sound quality perception in cochlear implant users during music listening. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(3):319\u201327.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7429_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.341","volume":"140","author":"AT Roy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roy AT, Scattergood-Keepper L, Carver C, Jiradejvong P, Butler C, Limb CJ. Evaluation of a Test Battery to Assess Perception of Music in Children With Cochlear Implants. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(6):540\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/146701010X12677899497236","volume":"12","author":"SJ Brockmeier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brockmeier SJ, Fitzgerald D, Searle O, Fitzgerald H, Grasmeder M, Hilbig S, et al. The MuSIC perception test: a novel battery for testing music perception of cochlear implant users. Cochlear Implants Int. 2011;12(1):10\u201320.","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"7429_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318174e787","volume":"29","author":"WB Cooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cooper WB, Tobey E, Loizou PC. Music perception by cochlear implant and normal hearing listeners as measured by the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia. Ear Hear. 2008;29(4):618\u201326.","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"AJ Alexander","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alexander AJ, Bartel L, Friesen L, Shipp D, Chen J. From fragments to the whole: a comparison between cochlear implant users and normal-hearing listeners in music perception and enjoyment. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;40(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"7429_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748126","volume":"11","author":"K Gfeller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gfeller K, Christ A, Knutson J, Murray AW, Tyler K, Musical R, Backgrounds. Listening Habits, and Aesthetic Enjoyment of Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients. J Am Acad Audiol. 2000;11:390\u2013406.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7429_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301031","volume":"103","author":"SD Nash","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nash SD, Cruickshanks KJ, Huang G-H, Klein BEK, Klein R, Nieto FJ, et al. Unmet Hearing Health Care Needs: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(6):1134\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000441036.40169.29","volume":"35","author":"KE Bainbridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bainbridge KE, Ramachandran V. Hearing aid use among older U.S. adults; the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2005\u20132006 and 2009\u20132010. Ear Hear. 2014;35(3):289\u201394.","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"7429_CR45","unstructured":"Zelaya CE, Lucas JW, Hoffman HJ. Self-reported hearing trouble in adults aged 18 and over: United States, 2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;(214):1\u20138. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db214.htm."},{"key":"7429_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jilla AM, Jorgensen L. Hearing aid adoption in the OTC hearing aid era: market trends and consumer insights from MarkeTrak 2025. Semin Hear. 2025;46(3):184\u201395.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1812040"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001","DOI":"10.1097\/ONO.0000000000000001","volume":"1","author":"AM Nassiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nassiri AM, Ricketts TA, Carlson ML. Current Estimate of Hearing Aid Utilization in the United States. Otol Neurotol Open. 2021;1(1):e001.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 1Suppl 1","key":"7429_CR48","first-page":"S4","volume":"14","author":"DL Sorkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sorkin DL. Cochlear implantation in the world\u2019s largest medical device market: utilization and awareness of cochlear implants in the United States. Cochlear Implants Int. 2013;14(Suppl 1Suppl 1):S4\u201312.","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int"},{"key":"7429_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, Brown SA, Bala H. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems. MIS Q. 2013;37(1):21\u201354.","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.1.02"},{"key":"7429_CR50","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Clark VLP. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 2017."},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"7429_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","volume":"48","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices. Health Serv Res. 2013;48(6 Pt 2):2134\u201356.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-025-02475-8","volume":"25","author":"A Younas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Younas A, Fabregues S, Munce S, Creswell JW. Framework for types of metainferences in mixed methods research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025;25(1):18.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001279","volume":"24","author":"F Koehler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koehler F, Sch\u00e4fer SK, Lieb K, Wessa M. The interplay between music engagement and affect: A random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis. Emotion. 2024;24(3):562\u201373.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"7429_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.13074","volume":"66","author":"M Lippolis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lippolis M, Derdau Sorensen S, Petersen B, Vuust P, Brattico E. How Culture and Musical Engagement Shape Musical Reward Sensitivity in Danish Teens: A Validation Study of the Danish Barcelona Musical Reward Questionnaire With 4641 Adolescents. Scand J Psychol. 2025;66(2):190\u2013209.","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"7429_CR56","unstructured":"Python software foundation. Python language reference, version 3.12.7. https:\/\/www.python.org."},{"key":"7429_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluyver T, Ragan-Kelley B, P\u00e9rez F, Granger BE, Bussonnier M, Frederic J, et al. Jupyter notebooks\u2014a publishing format for reproducible computational workflows. In: Loizides F, Schmidt B, editors. Positioning and power in academic publishing: players, agents and agendas. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2016;87\u201390.","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-649-1-87"},{"key":"7429_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson J. A guide to abductive thematic analysis. Qual Rep. 2022;27(5):1410\u201321.","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2022.5340"},{"key":"7429_CR59","unstructured":"VERBI Software. MAXQDA 2024 [computer software]. Berlin: VERBI Software; 2024. https:\/\/www.maxqda.com."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"7429_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","volume":"13","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(Suppl 1):S31\u20134.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"7429_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"7429_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003595","volume":"43","author":"A Chern","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chern A, Denham MW, Leiderman AS, Sharma RK, Su IW, Ucci AJ, et al. Hearing Aids Enhance Music Enjoyment in Individuals With Hearing Loss. Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(8):874\u201381.","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7429_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.473","volume":"169","author":"A Chern","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chern A, Denham MW, Leiderman AS, Sharma RK, Su IW, Ucci AJ, et al. The Association of Hearing Loss With Active Music Enjoyment in Hearing Aid Users. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;169(6):1590\u20136.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"7429_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121651455827","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216514558271","volume":"18","author":"SMK Madsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Madsen SMK, Moore BCJ. Music and Hearing Aids. Trends Hear. 2014;18:2331216514558271.","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000632","volume":"40","author":"V Looi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Looi V, Rutledge K, Prvan T. Music Appreciation of Adult Hearing Aid Users and the Impact of Different Levels of Hearing Loss. Ear Hear. 2019;40(3):529\u201344.","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1242","volume":"173","author":"IL Alter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alter IL, Chern A, Denham MW, Leiderman A, Galatioto J, Jones J, et al. Longitudinal Assessment of Music Enjoyment in Hearing Aid Users Based on Music Listening Preferences. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025;173(1):80\u20137.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"7429_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2023.100083","volume":"4","author":"E Maillard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maillard E, Joyal M, Murray MM, Tremblay P. Are musical activities associated with enhanced speech perception in noise in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Res Neurobiol. 2023;4:100083.","journal-title":"Curr Res Neurobiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"7429_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187881","volume":"12","author":"M Grassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grassi M, Meneghetti C, Toffalini E, Borella E. Auditory and cognitive performance in elderly musicians and nonmusicians. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187881.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7429_CR69","unstructured":"National research council (US) committee on aging frontiers in social psychology, personality, and adult developmental psychology. When I\u2019m 64. Carstensen LL, Hartel CR, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006."},{"issue":"3","key":"7429_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab263","volume":"77","author":"AL Irace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irace AL, Armstrong NM, Deal JA, Chern A, Ferrucci L, Lin FR, et al. Longitudinal Associations of Subclinical Hearing Loss With Cognitive Decline. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(3):623\u201331.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7429_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.3375","volume":"146","author":"JS Golub","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golub JS, Brickman AM, Ciarleglio AJ, Schupf N, Luchsinger JA. Association of Subclinical Hearing Loss With Cognitive Performance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(1):57\u201367.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"7429_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121651880973","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518809737","volume":"22","author":"MAS Tahden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tahden MAS, Gieseler A, Meis M, Wagener KC, Colonius H. What Keeps Older Adults With Hearing Impairment From Adopting Hearing Aids? Trends Hear. 2018;22:2331216518809737.","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"7429_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44564","DOI":"10.2196\/44564","volume":"6","author":"T Schroeder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schroeder T, Dodds L, Georgiou A, Gewald H, Siette J. Older Adults and New Technology: Mapping Review of the Factors Associated With Older Adults\u2019 Intention to Adopt Digital Technologies. JMIR Aging. 2023;6:e44564.","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"issue":"11","key":"7429_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1865005","volume":"37","author":"Q Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma Q, Chan AHS, Teh P-L. Insights into Older Adults\u2019 Technology Acceptance through Meta-Analysis. Int J Human\u2013Computer Interact. 2021;37(11):1049\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Human\u2013Computer Interact"},{"key":"7429_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cepni AB, Shehata N, Ullah F, Johnston CA. Habit formation in older adults. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2024;19(3):368\u201371.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276241301743"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:03:11Z","timestamp":1779840191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07429-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Johns Hopkins Internal Review Board (IRB) with reference number IRB00411206. All participants provided written informed consult before participating in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"751"}}