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Here we investigated the potential effects of long- and short-term exercise on adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of older women (age 61\u201380 years). The effects of long-term (&gt;\u20095 years) physical activity and short-term (4 months) exercise training were evaluated, with a focus on adipocyte size, adipogenic capacity, gene expression related to lipolysis, lipogenesis, and peroxisomal \u03b2-oxidation, along with lipidomic and proteomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The difference between long-term physically active\/physically fit (\n                    <jats:italic>Trained<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and less physically active (\n                    <jats:italic>Sedentary<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) older women was analyzed in cross-sectional study (\n                    <jats:italic>Sedentary<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929: age 72\u2009\u00b1\u20094 yrs, BMI 25.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>Trained<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928: age 69\u2009\u00b1\u20094 yrs, BMI 25.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The effect of short-term exercise training (ET) was observed during 4-months of combined ET in group of 23 women (age 70\u2009\u00b1\u20094 yrs, BMI 27.2\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Both physical activity durations were associated with reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, which was driven by changes in adiposity. No significant changes in adipose capacity to differentiate was observed. Long-term physical activity increased mRNA expression of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors (ADRB1, ADRB2) and elevated very-long chain fatty acid (VLC-FA) levels, correlating positively with cardiorespiratory fitness (VO\n                    <jats:sub>2, peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Altogether, these findings suggest novel hypotheses regarding SAT metabolic adaptations that may support metabolic health in older women, warranting further investigation in larger cohorts.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>New &amp; noteworthy<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our study reveals that SAT adipogenic capacity remains largely unaffected by physical activity in older women. However, the observed link between elevated \u03b2-adrenergic receptor expression, VLC-FA levels, and fitness suggests potential adipose tissue-specific adaptations that might mediate the positive effects of exercise in older age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07752-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T02:07:00Z","timestamp":1782180420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise training is associated with changes in adipocyte size and lipid metabolism in older women: cross-sectional and longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terezie","family":"\u010c\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Da\u010fov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Koc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Kuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Gojda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Rossmeislov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"\u0160iklov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1792-1_1","volume":"1228","author":"A Kramer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kramer A. 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