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These deficits may precede motor symptoms and are often undetected by screening tools such as the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE). The utility of the Dynamic Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment\u2013Geriatric Version (DLOTCA-G) has not been evaluated in older adults with PD. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of DLOTCA-G in detecting cognitive deficits in PD patients with and without cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective controlled study, 90 participants aged 65 and above were recruited: 30 PD patients with cognitive impairment (PD-CI), 30 PD patients without cognitive impairment (PD-NCI), and 30 healthy controls. All participants underwent cognitive assessment using SMMSE and DLOTCA-G. The total SMMSE score and eight subscales of the DLOTCA-G were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Except for the spatial perception score, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in all DLOTCA-G subscales. The PD-CI group had significantly lower awareness and visuomotor construction scores than the PD-NCI and healthy groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The PD-NCI group showed significantly lower awareness and visuomotor construction scores than the healthy group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Total SMMSE scores showed a moderate positive correlation with orientation, praxis, visuomotor construction, and thinking operations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In the Parkinson\u2019s group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960), SMMSE Orientation correlated strongly with DLOTCA-G Orientation, Visuomotor Construction, and Awareness (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). SMMSE Attention\/Calculation and Language showed moderate associations with praxis and visuomotor domains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001; Table\u00a04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that DLOTCA-G subscales associated with executive function are impaired in individuals with PD, even in the absence of cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that DLOTCA-G may offer a more differentiated cognitive profile than SMMSE across multiple domains, although its comparative sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy require further validation in studies using comprehensive neuropsychological references.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was retrospectively registered (registration number NCT06131619), prospective registration prior to participant enrollment was not completed due to logistical reasons. Protocol adherence was maintained throughout the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07844-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:53:16Z","timestamp":1781869996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of dynamic Lowenstein occupational therapy and cognitive assessment scale for the elderly with Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fat\u0131ma","family":"Yaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3543-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Akkoyun","family":"Ar\u0131kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra Aysu","family":"Soylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5740-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Pek\u015fen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve Akdeniz","family":"Leblebicier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1912-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysun","family":"\u00d6zl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan H\u00fcseyin","family":"G\u00f6kp\u0131nar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0936-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Yenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2619-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vural","family":"Kavuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"7844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.007","volume":"15","author":"S von Campenhausen","year":"2005","unstructured":"von Campenhausen S, Bornschein B, Wick R, B\u00f6tzel K, Sampaio C, Poewe W, et al. 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Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1130"}}