{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:00:37Z","timestamp":1790290837811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2311204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2311204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2025ZD01901000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD01901000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:46:09Z","timestamp":1783061169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment outcomes and risk factors for unfavorable results among older asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis patients in China, 2021\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ya-Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Jun","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai-Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7941_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2025. Geneva, WHO. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025. Cited 2025 Nov 22."},{"key":"7941_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The end TB strategy. Geneva: WHO. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-HTM-TB-2015.19. Cited 2025 Nov 22."},{"issue":"3","key":"7941_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e830","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1402","volume":"2373","author":"B Frascella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frascella B, Richards AS, Sossen B, Emery JC, Odone A, Law I, et al. Subclinical tuberculosis disease\u2014a review and analysis of prevalence surveys to inform definitions, burden, associations, and screening methodology. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;2373(3):e830\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1402.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7941_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82469","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82469","volume":"12","author":"JC Emery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emery JC, Dodd PJ, Banu S, Frascella B, Garden FL, Horton KC, et al. Estimating the contribution of subclinical tuberculosis disease to transmission: An individual patient data analysis from prevalence surveys. eLife. 2023;12:e82469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.82469.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"7941_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2016.02.006","volume":"32","author":"S Rajagopalan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajagopalan S. Tuberculosis in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2016;32(3):479\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2016.02.006.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"7941_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03369.x","volume":"59","author":"RH Pratt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pratt RH, Winston CA, Kammerer JS, Armstrong LR. Tuberculosis in older adults in the United States, 1993\u20132008. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):851\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03369.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9729","key":"7941_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60580-6","volume":"375","author":"PR Donald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donald PR, Marais BJ, Barry CE. Age and the epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2010;375(9729):1852\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60580-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"7941_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072154","volume":"14","author":"R Cioboata","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cioboata R, Balteanu MA, Osman A, et al. Coinfections in tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries: epidemiology, clinical implications, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies\u2014a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(7):2154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14072154.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06934-1","volume":"26","author":"J Yayan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yayan J, Rasche K. Tuberculosis in older adults (\u2265\u200965 years): global trends, sex differences, and regional variations, 2000\u20132023. BMC Geriatr. 2026;26(1):133\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06934-1.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"7941_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of the WHO consultation on asymptomatic tuberculosis, Geneva, Switzerland, 14\u201315 October 2024. Geneva: WHO. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240106932. Cited 2025 Nov 22."},{"issue":"7","key":"7941_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00011-2","volume":"224","author":"L Stuck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stuck L, Klinkenberg E, Abdelgadir Ali N, Basheir Abukaraig EA, Adusi-Poku Y, Alebachew Wagaw Z, et al. Prevalence of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in community settings: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;224(7):726\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00011-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7941_CR12","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention. Technical guidelines for tuberculosis prevention and control in China (2021 edition). Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. 2021. Available from: http:\/\/hncis.hnwsjk.cn\/jiehe\/contents\/288\/5687.html. Cited 2025 Oct 24."},{"key":"7941_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Linh NN, Viney K, Gegia M, Falzon D, Glaziou P, Floyd K, et al. World Health Organization treatment outcome definitions for tuberculosis: 2021 update. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00804-2021.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00804-2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"7941_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20220494","volume":"45","author":"RC Teng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng RC, Li T, Li YH, Yang CL, Zhang CY, Zhao YL, et al. Analysis of registration records of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 65 and above in China, 2015\u20132021. Chin J Antituberc. 2023;45(4):367\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20220494.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"issue":"2","key":"7941_CR15","first-page":"107","volume":"43","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Li T, Du X, Ni N, Zhao YL, Zhang H. Analysis of national tuberculosis reported incidence and mortality, 2015\u20132019. Chin J Antituberc. 2021;43(2):107\u201312.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"issue":"4","key":"7941_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00021","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-18","volume":"31","author":"PK Drain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drain PK, Bajema KL, Dowdy D, Dheda K, Naidoo K, Schumacher SG, et al. Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: A clinical review of early stages and progression of infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(4):e00021\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00021-18.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"7941_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275125","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1275125","volume":"11","author":"YJ Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong YJ, Park JS, Kim HW, Min J, Ko Y, Oh JY, et al. Characteristics of subclinical tuberculosis compared to active symptomatic tuberculosis using nationwide registry cohort in Korea: Prospective cohort study. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1275125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1275125.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21019-1","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wu Q, et al. The asymptomatic tuberculosis proportion among the elderly population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):3551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21019-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"7941_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.02.003","volume":"21","author":"HF Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang HF, Li T, Zhao YL, Xu CH. Analysis on factors affecting the medication outcomes of subclinical tuberculosis in China from 2021 to 2022. J Trop Dis Parasitol. 2023;21(2):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.02.003.","journal-title":"J Trop Dis Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7941_CR20","first-page":"819","volume":"38","author":"N Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni N, Huang F, Wang N, Wang MZ, Du X, Li T, et al. Epidemic characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in migrants in China, 2016\u20132020. Dis Surveill. 2023;38(7):819\u201324.","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"issue":"10","key":"7941_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20250237","volume":"47","author":"TX Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan TX, Ma WB, Wang J, Li T, Zhang H, Zhao YL, et al. Analysis of the factors influencing adherence and treatment outcomes among pulmonary tuberculosis patients with comorbidities in China from 2010 to 2023. Chin J Antituberc. 2025;47(10):1268\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20250237.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"key":"7941_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4056548","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4056548","volume":"2023","author":"S Hassani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassani S, Mohammadi Shahboulagi F, Foroughan M, Nadji SA, Tabarsi P, Ghaedamini Harouni G. Factors associated with medication adherence in elderly individuals with tuberculosis: A qualitative study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2023;2023:4056548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4056548.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7941_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048369","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048369","volume":"11","author":"BM Ereso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ereso BM, Sagbakken M, Gradmann C, Yimer SA. Treatment outcomes of patients with drug-sensitive tuberculosis under community-based versus facility-based directly observed treatment, short course strategy in southwest Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(7):e048369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048369.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 68","key":"7941_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PA4165","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2024.PA4165","volume":"64","author":"L Allavena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Allavena L, Sini I, Ferrarese M, Repossi AC, Mantero M, Blasi F, et al. Tuberculosis treatment outcome in elderly patients: A retrospective monocentric observational study. Eur Respir J. 2024;64(Suppl 68):PA4165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.congress-2024.PA4165.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"7941_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_745_24","volume":"28","author":"L Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu L, Xu Y, Chen T, Lin D, Lin Q. Adverse reactions and clinical outcomes of first-line antituberculosis drugs in elderly patients with tuberculosis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2025;28(11):1305\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_745_24.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"7941_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S459260","volume":"17","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng Y, Guo J, Luo S, Zhang Z, Liu Z. A study on risk factors for readmission of elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis within one month using propensity score matching method. Infect Drug Resist. 2024;17:1625\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S459260.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09417-7","volume":"24","author":"DK Ryuk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryuk DK, Pelissari DM, Alves K, Oliveira PB, Castro MC, Cohen T, et al. Predictors of unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: An analysis of 259,484 patient records. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09417-7.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"7941_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312827","volume":"18","author":"J Gadoev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gadoev J, Asadov D, Harries AD, Kvalsvig AM, van den Boom M, Bierrenbach AL, et al. Factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes in patients with tuberculosis: A 16-year cohort study (2005\u20132020), Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(23):12827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312827.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"7941_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20240311-00111","volume":"45","author":"XY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang XY, Jiang ML, Pang YJ, Sun DJY, Yu CQ, Wang L, et al. Current status of tuberculosis burden in China. Chin J Epidemiol. 2024;45(6):857\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20240311-00111.","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78084-0","volume":"14","author":"BM Ereso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ereso BM, Sagbakken M, Gradmann C, Yimer SA. Determinants of an unfavorable treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients in the Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):29281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-78084-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"7941_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20240382","volume":"46","author":"YY Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song YY, Li T, Xia H, Zhang LJ, Zhang H, Zhao YL, et al. Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of national reported pulmonary tuberculosis incidence, 1997\u20132023. Chin J Antituberc. 2024;46(10):1198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20240382.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10181-x","volume":"24","author":"ET Woldemedhin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woldemedhin ET, Tafesse G. Tuberculosis treatment outcome of TB\/HIV co-infected patients at Adare Hospital, Hawassa City Administration, Sidama Region. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-10181-x.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"7941_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90664-y","volume":"11","author":"Y Ni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ni Y, Peng H, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Wang L, Li W, et al. A risk score for prediction of poor treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diagnosed diabetes mellitus from eastern China. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90664-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7941_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625078","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.625078","volume":"12","author":"S Bea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bea S, Lee H, Kim JH, Jang SH, Son H, Kwon JW, et al. Adherence and associated factors of treatment regimen in drug-susceptible tuberculosis patients. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:625078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.625078.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7941_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20250032","volume":"47","author":"CY Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang CY, Xia YX, Chen H, Zhao F, Wang LX, Zhang H, et al. Community-based active case-finding for pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly: Analysis of strategies and effectiveness based on a multicenter cohort study. Chin J Antituberc. 2025;47(7):846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19982\/j.issn.1000-6621.20250032.","journal-title":"Chin J Antituberc"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:45:52Z","timestamp":1790289952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-026-07941-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9131153\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approved by the China CDC Institutional Review Board (No. 202522).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1203"}}