{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:39:48Z","timestamp":1792550388832,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Geriatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common yet under-recognized condition among older adults, particularly in outpatient settings, where symptoms are often underreported. Despite its significant impact on quality of life, data on the prevalence and clinical factors associated with UI in Saudi Arabian outpatient populations remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 adults aged\u2009&gt;\u2009=\u200960 years attending NGHA outpatient clinics in Riyadh and Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Participants were recruited consecutively during the study period. Urinary incontinence was assessed using the validated Arabic version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with urinary incontinence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urinary incontinence was reported in 40.3% of participants and was more common among women than men. In multivariable analysis, a history of urinary tract infection was strongly associated with urinary incontinence (AOR 3.73; 95% CI 2.19\u20136.35;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while benign prostatic hyperplasia was independently associated with urinary incontinence among men (AOR 2.81; 95% CI 1.05\u20137.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039). Other demographic and clinical variables were not independently associated with urinary incontinence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinence is common among older adults attending outpatient clinics, with urinary tract infection and benign prostatic hyperplasia identified as key associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T10:21:53Z","timestamp":1784974913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary incontinence among older adults in Saudi Arabia: prevalence, severity, and associated factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ageel","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"AlRamadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Alhejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Almarshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Aljomah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Alwahhabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remaz","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"8013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01171-9","volume":"22","author":"Z Najafi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Najafi Z, Morowatisharifabad MA, Jambarsang S, Rezaeipandari H, Hemayati R. Urinary incontinence and related quality of life among elderly women in Tabas, South Khorasan, Iran. BMC Urology. 2022;22:214. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-022-01171-9. https:\/\/bmcurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/.","journal-title":"BMC Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01712-y","volume":"33","author":"D Pizzol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pizzol D, Demurtas J, Celotto S et al. Urinary incontinence and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(1):25\u201335. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7897623\/.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"8013_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milsom I, Gyhagen M. The prevalence of urinary incontinence. Climacteric. 2019;22(3):217\u2013222. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13697137.2018.1543263.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30572737\/.","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1543263"},{"key":"8013_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batmani S, Jalali R, Mohammadi M, Bokaee S. Prevalence and factors related to urinary incontinence in older adults women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21:212. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02135-8.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8008630\/.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02135-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03228-9","volume":"37","author":"E Meseci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meseci E, Soysal P, Tanriverdi I, Beydilli SB, Pasin O, Hajek A et al. The prevalence of functional urinary incontinence and its association with comprehensive geriatric assessment parameters in older women. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2025;37(1):325. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03228-9.\u00a0https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8013_CR6","first-page":"123","volume":"15","author":"A Almutairi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almutairi A, Alshammari F, Alenezi S et al. Prevalence and Factors Related to Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. J Health Sci. 2021;15(3):123\u2013135. Available from: https:\/\/www.johs.com.sa\/admin\/public\/uploads\/187\/339_pdf.pdf.","journal-title":"J Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"8013_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.12.014","volume":"117","author":"A Al-Badr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Badr A, Al-Tamimi TM, Noorwali F et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among Saudi women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;117(2):160\u2013163. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22356760\/.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"8013_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duncan I, Stocking A, Fitzner K, Ahmed T, Huynh N. The prevalence of incontinence and its association with urinary tract infections, dermatitis, slips and falls, and behavioral disturbances among older adults in Medicare fee-for-service. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2024;51(2):138\u2013145. . Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000001054.\u00a010.1097\/WON.0000000000001054.","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000001054"},{"key":"8013_CR9","unstructured":"Ng MHB. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK558920\/?."},{"issue":"1","key":"8013_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04249-7","volume":"23","author":"O Olagundoye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olagundoye O, Odusanya B, Kung JY, Gibson W, Wagg A. A scoping review of risk factors for urinary incontinence in older men. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-023-04249-7.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:17:01Z","timestamp":1792549021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-026-08013-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study received Institutional Review Board approval from National Guard Health Affairs (NRR25\/108\/5). All participants provided informed consent before participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1323"}}