{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:27:41Z","timestamp":1789918061544,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"European Commission + Regione Emilia Romagna","award":["Spinner"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Spinner"]}]},{"name":"Consorzio Italiano Biotecnologie","award":["Azione 1 - Attivit\u00e0 di formazione"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Azione 1 - Attivit\u00e0 di formazione"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SANTE\/2004\/078-545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SANTE\/2004\/078-545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SANTE\/2006\/129-931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SANTE\/2006\/129-931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EC 7th Framework Programme","award":["EC-GA nu 241642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC-GA nu 241642"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Ferrara (IT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Iniziative di Internazionalizzazione"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Iniziative di Internazionalizzazione"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DFG (German Research Foundation)","award":["SA 1878\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA 1878\/1-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1647-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]],"date-time":"2016-07-22T04:57:28Z","timestamp":1469163448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association between different anti-Tat antibody isotypes and HIV disease progression: data from an African cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Clowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asli","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dickens","family":"Kowour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ensoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Cafaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Maboko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Gavioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Geldmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90289-4","volume":"59","author":"B Berkhout","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berkhout B, Silverman RH, Jeang KT. Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell. 1989;59(2):273\u201382.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"1647_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.2216","volume":"157","author":"G Zauli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zauli G, Gibellini D, Celeghini C, Mischiati C, Bassini A, La Placa M, et al. Pleiotropic effects of immobilized versus soluble recombinant HIV-1 Tat protein on CD3-mediated activation, induction of apoptosis, and HIV-1 long terminal repeat transactivation in purified CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1996;157(5):2216\u201324.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"1647_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.15.8116","volume":"94","author":"CJ Li","year":"1997","unstructured":"Li CJ, Ueda Y, Shi B, Borodyansky L, Huang L, Li YZ, et al. Tat protein induces self-perpetuating permissivity for productive HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(15):8116\u201320.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"1647_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.4.2427","volume":"162","author":"P Secchiero","year":"1999","unstructured":"Secchiero P, Zella D, Capitani S, Gallo RC, Zauli G. Extracellular HIV-1 tat protein up-regulates the expression of surface CXC-chemokine receptor 4 in resting CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 1999;162(4):2427\u201331.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1647_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048781","volume":"7","author":"P Monini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Monini P, Cafaro A, Srivastava IK, Moretti S, Sharma VA, Andreini C, et al. HIV-1 Tat promotes integrin-mediated HIV transmission to dendritic cells by binding Env spikes and competes neutralization by anti-HIV antibodies. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48781.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"15","key":"1647_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000432452.83604.59","volume":"27","author":"S Poon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Poon S, Moscoso CG, Yenigun OM, Kolatkar PR, Cheng RH, Vahlne A. HIV-1 Tat protein induces viral internalization through Env-mediated interactions in dose-dependent manner. AIDS. 2013;27(15):2355\u201364.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1395","volume":"208","author":"V Sharma","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sharma V, Knobloch TJ, Benjamin D. Differential expression of cytokine genes in HIV-1 tat transfected T and B cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;208(2):704\u201313.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"1647_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077746","volume":"8","author":"F Nicoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nicoli F, Finessi V, Sicurella M, Rizzotto L, Gallerani E, Destro F, et al. The HIV-1 Tat protein induces the activation of CD8(+) T cells and affects in vivo the magnitude and kinetics of antiviral responses. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e77746.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"1647_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000315","volume":"28","author":"F Sforza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sforza F, Nicoli F, Gallerani E, Finessi V, Reali E, Cafaro A, et al. HIV-1 Tat affects the programming and functionality of human CD8(+) T cells by modulating the expression of T-box transcription factors. AIDS. 2014;28(12):1729\u201338.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000514","volume":"29","author":"F Nicoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicoli F, Sforza F, Gavioli R. Different expression of Blimp-1 in HIV infection may be used to monitor disease progression and provide a clue to reduce immune activation and viral reservoirs. AIDS. 2015;29(1):133\u20134.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"1647_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833ac6a0","volume":"24","author":"JC Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li JC, Yim HC, Lau AS. Role of HIV-1 Tat in AIDS pathogenesis: its effects on cytokine dysregulation and contributions to the pathogenesis of opportunistic infection. AIDS. 2010;24(11):1609\u201323.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6270","key":"1647_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/345084a0","volume":"345","author":"B Ensoli","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ensoli B, Barillari G, Salahuddin SZ, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F. Tat protein of HIV-1 stimulates growth of cells derived from Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients. Nature. 1990;345(6270):84\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.2.779-789.2004","volume":"78","author":"RF Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu RF, Gu Y, Xu YC, Mitola S, Bussolino F, Terada LS. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat regulates endothelial cell actin cytoskeletal dynamics through PAK1 activation and oxidant production. J Virol. 2004;78(2):779\u201389.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21292","volume":"63","author":"M Mishra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mishra M, Vetrivel S, Siddappa NB, Ranga U, Seth P. clade-specific differences in neurotoxicity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 B and C Tat of human neurons: significance of dicysteine C30C31 motif. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(3):366\u201376.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1397","volume":"296","author":"P Roof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roof P, Ricci M, Genin P, Montano MA, Essex M, Wainberg MA, et al. Differential regulation of HIV-1 clade-specific B, C, and E long terminal repeats by NF-kappaB and the Tat transactivator. Virology. 2002;296(1):77\u201383.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1647_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0299","volume":"25","author":"N Gandhi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gandhi N, Saiyed Z, Thangavel S, Rodriguez J, Rao KV, Nair MP. Differential effects of HIV type 1 clade B and clade C Tat protein on expression of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by primary monocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009;25(7):691\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"18","key":"1647_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280112cd1","volume":"20","author":"B Ensoli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ensoli B, Fiorelli V, Ensoli F, Cafaro A, Titti F, Butto S, et al. Candidate HIV-1 Tat vaccine development: from basic science to clinical trials. AIDS. 2006;20(18):2245\u201361.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"1647_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.5.1247","volume":"175","author":"TC Rodman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rodman TC, Pruslin FH, To SE, Winston R. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat-reactive antibodies present in normal HIV-negative sera and depleted in HIV-positive sera. Identification of the epitope. J Exp Med. 1992;175(5):1247\u201353.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00327-X","volume":"57","author":"MW Richardson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richardson MW, Mirchandani J, Duong J, Grimaldo S, Kocieda V, Hendel H, et al. Antibodies to Tat and Vpr in the GRIV cohort: differential association with maintenance of long-term non-progression status in HIV-1 infection. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003;57(1):4\u201314.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1647_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0171","volume":"24","author":"D Senkaali","year":"2008","unstructured":"Senkaali D, Kebba A, Shafer LA, Campbell GR, Loret EP, Van Der Paal L, et al. Tat-specific binding IgG and disease progression in HIV type 1-infected Ugandans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;24(4):587\u201394.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"1647_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1086\/428909","volume":"191","author":"G Rezza","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rezza G, Fiorelli V, Dorrucci M, Ciccozzi M, Tripiciano A, Scoglio A, et al. The presence of anti-Tat antibodies is predictive of long-term nonprogression to AIDS or severe immunodeficiency: findings in a cohort of HIV-1 seroconverters. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(8):1321\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1647_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellino S, Tripiciano A, Picconi O, Francavilla V, Longo O, Sgadari C et al. The presence of anti-Tat antibodies in HIV-infected individuals is associated with containment of CD4+ T-cell decay and viral load, and with delay of disease progression: results of a 3-year cohort study. Retrovirology. 2014;11:49.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-49"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00189-X","volume":"21","author":"MC Re","year":"2001","unstructured":"Re MC, Vignoli M, Furlini G, Gibellini D, Colangeli V, Vitone F, et al. Antibodies against full-length Tat protein and some low-molecular-weight Tat-peptides correlate with low or undetectable viral load in HIV-1 seropositive patients. J Clin Virol. 2001;21(1):81\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1647_CR24","first-page":"282","volume":"1","author":"JF Zagury","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zagury JF, Sill A, Blattner W, Lachgar A, Le Buanec H, Richardson M, et al. Antibodies to the HIV-1 Tat protein correlated with nonprogression to AIDS: a rationale for the use of Tat toxoid as an HIV-1 vaccine. J Hum Virol. 1998;1(4):282\u201392.","journal-title":"J Hum Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002755","volume":"8","author":"M Chachage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chachage M, Podola L, Clowes P, Nsojo A, Bauer A, Mgaya O, et al. Helminth-associated systemic immune activation and HIV co-receptor expression: response to albendazole\/praziquantel treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(3):e2755.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1647_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ensoli F, Cafaro A, Casabianca A, Tripiciano A, Bellino S, Longo O et al. HIV-1 Tat immunization restores immune homeostasis and attacks the HAART-resistant blood HIV DNA: results of a randomized phase II exploratory clinical trial. Retrovirology. 2015;12:33.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0151-y"},{"issue":"11","key":"1647_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013540","volume":"5","author":"B Ensoli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ensoli B, Bellino S, Tripiciano A, Longo O, Francavilla V, Marcotullio S, et al. Therapeutic immunization with HIV-1 Tat reduces immune activation and loss of regulatory T-cells and improves immune function in subjects on HAART. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e13540.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"25-26","key":"1647_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.090","volume":"27","author":"O Longo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Longo O, Tripiciano A, Fiorelli V, Bellino S, Scoglio A, Collacchi B, et al. Phase I therapeutic trial of the HIV-1 Tat protein and long term follow-up. Vaccine. 2009;27(25-26):3306\u201312.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/157488709789957529","volume":"4","author":"S Bellino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellino S, Francavilla V, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Paniccia G, Arancio A, et al. Parallel conduction of the phase I preventive and therapeutic trials based on the Tat vaccine candidate. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2009;4(3):195\u2013204.","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7","key":"1647_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000184","volume":"28","author":"D Fuster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuster D, Cheng DM, Quinn EK, Armah KA, Saitz R, Freiberg MS, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected adults with alcohol problems. AIDS. 2014;28(7):1059\u201364.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"1647_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1089\/0889222041725235","volume":"20","author":"MA Arroyo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arroyo MA, Hoelscher M, Sanders-Buell E, Herbinger KH, Samky E, Maboko L, et al. HIV type 1 subtypes among blood donors in the Mbeya region of southwest Tanzania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004;20(8):895\u2013901.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181cf30ba","volume":"54","author":"E Saathoff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saathoff E, Pritsch M, Geldmacher C, Hoffmann O, Koehler RN, Maboko L, et al. Viral and host factors associated with the HIV-1 viral load setpoint in adults from Mbeya Region, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(3):324\u201330.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.027","volume":"415","author":"A Nofemela","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nofemela A, Bandawe G, Thebus R, Marais J, Wood N, Hoffmann O, et al. Defining the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission genetic bottleneck in a region with multiple circulating subtypes and recombinant forms. Virology. 2011;415(2):107\u201313.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"13","key":"1647_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7016","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.7016-7022.2004","volume":"78","author":"Q Lizeng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lizeng Q, Nilsson C, Sourial S, Andersson S, Larsen O, Aaby P, et al. Potent neutralizing serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-exposed IgG-seronegative individuals. J Virol. 2004;78(13):7016\u201322.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1086\/314934","volume":"180","author":"S Mazzoli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mazzoli S, Lopalco L, Salvi A, Trabattoni D, Lo Caputo S, Semplici F, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific IgA and HIV neutralizing activity in the serum of exposed seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive persons. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(3):871\u20135.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"RR-03","key":"1647_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"CDC","year":"2014","unstructured":"CDC. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection--United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-03):1\u201310.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198802000-00002","volume":"2","author":"H Gaines","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gaines H, von Sydow M, Parry JV, Forsgren M, Pehrson PO, Sonnerborg A, et al. Detection of immunoglobulin M antibody in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS. 1988;2(1):11\u20135.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198802000-00005","volume":"2","author":"JM Lange","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lange JM, Parry JV, de Wolf F, Mortimer PP, Goudsmit J. Diagnostic value of specific IgM antibodies in primary HIV infection. AIDS. 1988;2(1):31\u20135.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"23","key":"1647_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01762-08","volume":"82","author":"JM Binley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Binley JM, Lybarger EA, Crooks ET, Seaman MS, Gray E, Davis KL, et al. Profiling the specificity of neutralizing antibodies in a large panel of plasmas from patients chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes B and C. J Virol. 2008;82(23):11651\u201368.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1647_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328330b489","volume":"23","author":"SO Pine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pine SO, McElrath MJ, Bochud PY. Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 and toll-like receptor 9 influence viral load in a seroincident cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS. 2009;23(18):2387\u201395.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000049","volume":"28","author":"D Gurdasani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gurdasani D, Iles L, Dillon DG, Young EH, Olson AD, Naranbhai V, et al. A systematic review of definitions of extreme phenotypes of HIV control and progression. AIDS. 2014;28(2):149\u201362.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890300303","volume":"30","author":"P Reiss","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reiss P, Lange JM, de Ronde A, de Wolf F, Dekker J, Debouck C, et al. Speed of progression to AIDS and degree of antibody response to accessory gene products of HIV-1. J Med Virol. 1990;30(3):163\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1647_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1086\/378412","volume":"188","author":"S Butto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Butto S, Fiorelli V, Tripiciano A, Ruiz-Alvarez MJ, Scoglio A, Ensoli F, et al. Sequence conservation and antibody cross-recognition of clade B human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Tat protein in HIV-1-infected Italians, Ugandans, and South Africans. J Infect Dis. 2003;188(8):1171\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.3.2.230-232.1996","volume":"3","author":"MC Re","year":"1996","unstructured":"Re MC, Furlini G, Vignoli M, Ramazzotti E, Zauli G, La Placa M. Antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein may have influenced the progression of AIDS in HIV-1-infected hemophiliac patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996;3(2):230\u20132.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220252779692","volume":"18","author":"TJ Scriba","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scriba TJ, de Villiers T, Treurnicht FK, Zur Megede J, Barnett SW, Engelbrecht S, et al. Characterization of the South African HIV type 1 subtype C complete 5\u2032 long terminal repeat, nef, and regulatory genes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002;18(2):149\u201359.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"39","key":"1647_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35915","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204393200","volume":"277","author":"S Opi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Opi S, Peloponese Jr JM, Esquieu D, Campbell G, de Mareuil J, Walburger A, et al. Tat HIV-1 primary and tertiary structures critical to immune response against non-homologous variants. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(39):35915\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"17","key":"1647_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9174","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.17.9174-9189.2004","volume":"78","author":"L Ramakrishna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramakrishna L, Anand KK, Mohankumar KM, Ranga U. Codon optimization of the tat antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generates strong immune responses in mice following genetic immunization. J Virol. 2004;78(17):9174\u201389.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1647_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180903013026","volume":"28","author":"A Caputo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caputo A, Gavioli R, Bellino S, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Francavilla V, et al. HIV-1 Tat-based vaccines: an overview and perspectives in the field of HIV\/AIDS vaccine development. Int Rev Immunol. 2009;28(5):285\u2013334.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1647_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(99)00052-X","volume":"60","author":"TC Rodman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodman TC, Sullivan JJ, Bai X, Winston R. The human uniqueness of HIV: innate immunity and the viral Tat protein. Hum Immunol. 1999;60(8):631\u20139.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1647_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.6348-6358.1997","volume":"71","author":"M Cornelissen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cornelissen M, van den Burg R, Zorgdrager F, Lukashov V, Goudsmit J. Pol gene diversity of five human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes: evidence for naturally occurring mutations that contribute to drug resistance, limited recombination patterns, and common ancestry for subtypes B and D. J Virol. 1997;71(9):6348\u201358.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1647_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/088922299311673","volume":"15","author":"V Jubier-Maurin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jubier-Maurin V, Saragosti S, Perret JL, Mpoudi E, Esu-Williams E, Mulanga C, et al. Genetic characterization of the nef gene from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M strains representing genetic subtypes A, B, C, E, F, G, and H. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15(1):23\u201332.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"1647_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00374-14","volume":"21","author":"I Skountzou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skountzou I, Satyabhama L, Stavropoulou A, Ashraf Z, Esser ES, Vassilieva E, et al. Influenza virus-specific neutralizing IgM antibodies persist for a lifetime. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21(11):1481\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002836","volume":"186","author":"R Racine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Racine R, McLaughlin M, Jones DD, Wittmer ST, MacNamara KC, Woodland DL, et al. IgM production by bone marrow plasmablasts contributes to long-term protection against intracellular bacterial infection. J Immunol. 2011;186(2):1011\u201321.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1769","volume":"180","author":"PI Lobo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lobo PI, Schlegel KH, Yuan W, Townsend GC, White JA. Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity through an innate mechanism involving naturally occurring IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies. J Immunol. 2008;180(3):1769\u201379.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1647_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.10.4776","volume":"160","author":"M Boes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boes M, Esau C, Fischer MB, Schmidt T, Carroll M, Chen J. Enhanced B-1 cell development, but impaired IgG antibody responses in mice deficient in secreted IgM. J Immunol. 1998;160(10):4776\u201387.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1647_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202227","volume":"190","author":"SC Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi SC, Wang H, Tian L, Murakami Y, Shin DM, Borrego F, et al. Mouse IgM Fc receptor, FCMR, promotes B cell development and modulates antigen-driven immune responses. J Immunol. 2013;190(3):987\u201396.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1647_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronwall C, Vas J, Silverman GJ. Protective Roles of Natural IgM Antibodies. Front Immunol. 2012;3:66.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00066"},{"issue":"13","key":"1647_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199909100-00006","volume":"13","author":"C Mischiati","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mischiati C, Pironi F, Milani D, Giacca M, Mirandola P, Capitani S, et al. Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein differentially activates the JNK and ERK\/MAPK pathways in CD4 T cells. AIDS. 1999;13(13):1637\u201345.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"50","key":"1647_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.070","volume":"25","author":"GR Campbell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campbell GR, Senkaali D, Watkins J, Esquieu D, Opi S, Yirrell DL, et al. Tat mutations in an African cohort that do not prevent transactivation but change its immunogenic properties. Vaccine. 2007;25(50):8441\u20137.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1647_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddappa NB, Venkatramanan M, Venkatesh P, Janki MV, Jayasuryan N, Desai A et al. Transactivation and signaling functions of Tat are not correlated: biological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 subtype-C Tat protein. Retrovirology. 2006;3:53.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-53"},{"issue":"8","key":"1647_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24182","volume":"87","author":"MK Johri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johri MK, Sharma N, Singh SK. HIV Tat protein: Is Tat-C much trickier than Tat-B? J Med Virol. 2015;87(8):1334\u201343.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1647_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630004237","volume":"4","author":"AJ Kandathil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kandathil AJ, Kannangai R, Abraham OC, Pulimood SA, Sridharan G. Amino acid sequence divergence of Tat protein (exon1)of subtype B and C HIV-1 strains: Does it have implications for vaccine development? Bioinformation. 2009;4(6):237\u201341.","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"issue":"17","key":"1647_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11473","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.17.11473","volume":"274","author":"JM Peloponese Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peloponese Jr JM, Collette Y, Gregoire C, Bailly C, Campese D, Meurs EF, et al. Full peptide synthesis, purification, and characterization of six Tat variants. Differences observed between HIV-1 isolates from Africa and other continents. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(17):11473\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"1647_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301456110","volume":"110","author":"GD Tomaras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomaras GD, Ferrari G, Shen X, Alam SM, Liao HX, Pollara J, et al. Vaccine-induced plasma IgA specific for the C1 region of the HIV-1 envelope blocks binding and effector function of IgG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9019\u201324.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"1647_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02756.x","volume":"140","author":"E Chiappini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Galli L, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, de Martino M. Persistently high IgA serum levels are a marker of immunological or virological failure of combined antiretroviral therapy in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;140(2):320\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1647-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T09:09:27Z","timestamp":1692436167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1647-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1647-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]]},"article-number":"344"}}