{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:29:55Z","timestamp":1780471795235,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2963-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]],"date-time":"2018-01-27T04:59:54Z","timestamp":1517029194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The global switch from trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV): facts, experiences and lessons learned from the south-south zone; Nigeria, April 2016"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bassey Enya","family":"Bassey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Braka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui Gama","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Komakech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester Toritseju","family":"Maleghemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Koko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thompson","family":"Igbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Ireye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Agwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin Ubong","family":"Akpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisay Gashu","family":"Tegegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Aziz Garba","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Okocha-Ejeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2963_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.05.009","volume":"139","author":"BE Bassey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bassey BE, Vaz RG, Braka F, Komakech W, Maleghemi ST, Akpan GU, et al. Profiling the immunity status of children with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis who had not received any doses of oral polio vaccine in the south\u2013south region, Nigeria 2011\u20132014. Public Health. 2016;139:148\u201353. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.05.009\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2963_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-113","volume":"14","author":"N Wen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wen N, Fan C-X, Fu J-P, Ning J, Ji Y-X, Luo H-M, et al. Enhanced surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis following importation of wild poliovirus in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:113. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-113\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq140","volume":"203","author":"S Wassilak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wassilak S, Pate MA, Wannemuehler K, Jenks J, Burns C, Chenoweth P, et al. Outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria: emergence and widespread circulation in an underimmunized population. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:898\u2013909. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiq140\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR4","unstructured":"WHO | Poliomyelitis. WHO. 2017. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs114\/en\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 9 Jun 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6546a4","volume":"65","author":"CH Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu CH, Mahamud A, Safdar RM, Ahmed J, Jorba J, Sharif S, et al. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication \u2014 Pakistan, January 2015\u2013September 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1295\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6546a4\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2963_CR6","volume-title":"Who AFGHANISTAN snapshot as of November","author":"B Samangan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samangan B, Daykundi NK, Panjsher S-E-P, Uruzgan N, Baghlan H, Bamyan B, et al. Who AFGHANISTAN snapshot as of November 2016. \n                    http:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/dsaf\/AFG\/2016\/Afg_Polio_snapshot_2016_19270.pdf?ua=1\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR7","unstructured":"Polio Global Eradication Initiative. This week \u2013 GPEI. \n                    http:\/\/polioeradication.org\/polio-today\/polio-now\/this-week\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 5 Jun 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6607a2","volume":"66","author":"C Nnadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nnadi C, Damisa E, Esapa L, Braka F, Waziri N, Siddique A, et al. Continued endemic wild poliovirus transmission in security-compromised areas \u2014 Nigeria, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:190\u20133. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6607a2\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2963_CR9","unstructured":"WHO | Oral polio vaccine (OPV). \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/biologicals\/areas\/vaccines\/polio\/opv\/en\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Aug 2015."},{"key":"2963_CR10","unstructured":"Global Polio eradication Initiative. Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 declared \u2013 GPEI. 2015. \n                    http:\/\/polioeradication.org\/news-post\/global-eradication-of-wild-poliovirus-type-2-declared\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR11","first-page":"881","volume":"137","author":"TJ John","year":"2013","unstructured":"John TJ, Vashishtha VM. Eradicating poliomyelitis: India\u2019s journey from hyperendemic to polio-free status. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:881\u201394. \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23760372\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2963_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135765","volume":"10","author":"M Famulare","year":"2015","unstructured":"Famulare M. Has wild poliovirus been eliminated from Nigeria? PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135765. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0135765\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2963_CR13","unstructured":"Mazumdar Tulip. World now 80% polio free, World Health Organization says - BBC news. \n                    http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/health-26763385\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6535a3","volume":"65","author":"LM Hampton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hampton LM, Farrell M, Ramirez-Gonzalez A, Menning L, Shendale S, Lewis I, et al. Cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine \u2014 worldwide, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:934\u20138. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6535a3\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2963_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6686","volume":"315","author":"MJ Friedrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friedrich MJ. Switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio vaccine. JAMA. 2016;315:2513. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.6686\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2963_CR16","unstructured":"Aylward RB, Hull HF, Cochi SL, Sutter RW, Olive J-M, Melgaard B. Disease eradication as a public health strategy: a case study of poliomyelitis eradication. Bull World Heal Organ. 2000;78:285\u201397."},{"key":"2963_CR17","unstructured":"WHO | Replacing trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV. WHO. 2016. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/poliomyelitis\/endgame_objective2\/en\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"2963_CR18","unstructured":"Update on the OPV switch and short term supply constraints for IPV. 2015. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/poliomyelitis\/endgame_objective2\/inactivated_polio_vaccine\/Information_Note_on_short_term_supply_constraints_for_IPV-Nov_2015.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1536-9","volume":"16","author":"RJ Duintjer Tebbens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Hampton LM, Thompson KM. Implementation of coordinated global serotype 2 oral poliovirus vaccine cessation: risks of potential non-synchronous cessation. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:231. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1536-9\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1140041","volume":"15","author":"J Garon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA, Ramirez Gonzalez A, Chang Blanc D, Zaffran M, et al. Polio endgame: the global switch from tOPV to bOPV. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15:693\u2013708. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14760584.2016.1140041\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2963_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S475","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit845","volume":"210","author":"KM Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson KM, Duintjer Tebbens RJ. Modeling the dynamics of oral poliovirus vaccine cessation. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(suppl 1):S475\u201384. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jit845\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1114-6","volume":"15","author":"RJ Duintjer Tebbens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Thompson KM. Managing the risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus during the endgame: oral poliovirus vaccine needs. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:390. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-1114-6\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Report of Nigeria\u2019s National Population Commission on the 2006 Census. Popul Dev Rev. 33:206\u2013210. doi:\n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25434601\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.2307\/25434601"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2963_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv581","volume":"213","author":"RG Vaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaz RG, Mkanda P, Banda R, Komkech W, Ekundare-Famiyesin OO, Onyibe R, et al. The role of the polio program infrastructure in response to Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria 2014. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(suppl 3):S140\u20136. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv581\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2963_CR25","unstructured":"WHO | Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo. WHO. 2017. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/13-June-2017-polio-drc\/en\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 9 Jul 2017."},{"key":"2963_CR26","unstructured":"EPI polio eradication. The switch from tOPV to bOPV: implementation guild lines. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/poliomyelitis\/endgame_objective2\/oral_polio_vaccine\/switch_guidelines-april2015.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 3 Mar 2017."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-2963-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]],"date-time":"2019-01-26T19:04:36Z","timestamp":1548529476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-2963-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-2963-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Cross River State Ministry of Health approved this study. Reference: (CRS\/MH\/CGSE-H\/ 018\/Vol\/126). Informed consent was not required because samples were not required from human subjects.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The Authors have none to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"57"}}