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A waiver of informed consent was granted by the Scientific Review Board of the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), the Institutional Review Boards of the Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. Waiver of consent was allowed since no unique personal identifying information was collected by the study team and there was no direct interaction with patients. Waiver of informed consent did not adversely affect the rights and welfare of individuals whose specimens were used. 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