{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:11:32Z","timestamp":1788261092812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005754","name":"Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T22:55:57Z","timestamp":1535496957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Signs, symptoms and diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis experienced by survivors and family: a qualitative Nordic multi-center study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4785-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Erichsen Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Egerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vibeke E.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Mari","family":"Fagerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.032","volume":"208","author":"B Sarani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, Schwab CW. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:279\u201388.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-9-57","volume":"9","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Malangoni MA, May AK, et al. World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2014;9(1):57.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3355_CR3","first-page":"618067","volume":"2015","author":"L Oud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oud L, Watkins P. Contemporary trends of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and resource utilization of necrotizing fasciitis in Texas: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care Res Pract. 2015;2015:618067.","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"3355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00160-5","volume":"103","author":"R Kaul","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, Green K, Schwartz B. Population-based surveillance for group a streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario group a streptococcal study. Am J Med. 1997;103:18\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"3355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880500484X","volume":"134","author":"SM Ellis Simonsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ellis Simonsen SM, van Orman ER, Hatch BE, et al. Cellulitis incidence in a defined population. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134:293\u20139.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"3355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007448","volume":"135","author":"ZD Mulla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mulla ZD, Gibbs SG, Aronoff DM. Correlates of length of stay, cost of care, and mortality among patients hospitalized for necrotizing fasciitis. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:868\u201376.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"3355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.07.019","volume":"63","author":"DK Das","year":"2011","unstructured":"Das DK, Baker MG, Venugopal K. Increasing incidence of necrotizing fasciitis in New Zealand: a nationwide study over the period 1990 to 2006. J Infect. 2011;63:429\u201333.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3355_CR8","first-page":"3131","volume":"115","author":"EA Hoiby","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hoiby EA, Hasseltvedt V. Increased incidence of severe Streptococcus group A infections in Noway during the last 10 years. New outbreak 1993\u201394. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1995;115:3131\u20136.","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"3355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2009.012","volume":"10","author":"AK May","year":"2009","unstructured":"May AK, Stafford RE, Bulger EM, et al. Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Surg Infect. 2009;10:467\u201399.","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"3355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480407001002","volume":"70","author":"A Tillou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tillou A, St Hill CR, Brown C, Velmahos G. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: improved outcomes with modern care. Am Surg. 2004;70:841\u20134.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"3355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304735","volume":"98","author":"PW Flavahan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flavahan PW, Cauchi P, Gregory ME, Foot B, Drummond SR. Incidence of periorbital necrotising fasciitis in the UK population: a BOSU study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:1177\u201380.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3355_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"P Khamnuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khamnuan P, Chongruksut W, Jearwattanakanok K, Patumanond J, Yodluangfun S, Tantraworasin A. Necrotizing fasciitis: risk factors of mortality. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2015;8:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"3355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.054","volume":"73","author":"C Hua","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hua C, Sbidian E, Hemery F, et al. Prognostic factors in necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI): A cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73:1006\u201312.e8.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"3355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-016-0080-7","volume":"11","author":"SF van Stigt","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Stigt SF, de Vries J, Bijker JB, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg : WJES. 2016;11:21.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg : WJES"},{"key":"3355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000339161","volume":"89","author":"A Martinschek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinschek A, Evers B, Lampl L, Gerngross H, Schmidt R, Sparwasser C. Prognostic aspects, survival rate, and predisposing risk factors in patients with Fournier's gangrene and necrotizing soft tissue infections: evaluation of clinical outcome of 55 patients. Urol Int. 2012;89:173\u20139.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"3355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001","volume":"51","author":"TW Hakkarainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes. Curr Probl Surg. 2014;51:344\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"key":"3355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00005","volume":"85-a","author":"CH Wong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, Khin LW, Tan JL, Low CO. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am Vol. 2003;85-a:1454\u201360.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am Vol"},{"key":"3355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","volume":"134","author":"A Giuliano","year":"1977","unstructured":"Giuliano A, Lewis F Jr, Hadley K, Blaisdell FW. Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 1977;134:52\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"3355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31820db8fd","volume":"71","author":"L Kobayashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kobayashi L, Konstantinidis A, Shackelford S, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: delayed surgical treatment is associated with increased number of surgical debridements and morbidity. J Trauma. 2011;71:1400\u20135.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.02.004","volume":"41","author":"I Egerod","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egerod I, Andersson AE, Fagerdahl AM, Knudsen VE. Images of suffering depicted in diaries of family caregivers in the acute stage of necrotising soft tissue infection: A content analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017;41:57\u201362.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"3355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudsen VE, Andersson AE, Fagerdahl AM, Egerod I. Experiences of family caregivers the first six months after patient diagnosis of necrotising soft tissue infection: a thematic analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2018. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2018.05.005"},{"key":"3355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13024","volume":"62","author":"MB Madsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madsen MB, Skrede S, Bruun T, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections - a multicentre, prospective observational study (INFECT): protocol and statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018;62:272\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"3355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770180211","volume":"18","author":"M Sandelowski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sandelowski M. Sample size in qualitative research. Res Nursing Heal. 1995;18:179\u201383.","journal-title":"Res Nursing Heal"},{"key":"3355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x","volume":"40","author":"B Dicicco-Bloom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dicicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 2006;40:314\u201321.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"3355_CR25","volume-title":"Analyzing Qualitative Data","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess R, editors. Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge; 1994."},{"key":"3355_CR26","volume-title":"Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods","author":"MQ Patton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. 4th ed. London: SAGE; 2015.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.06.024","volume":"39","author":"RF Edlich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edlich RF, Cross CL, Dahlstrom JJ, Long WB. Modern concepts of the diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis. J Emerg Med. 2010;39:261\u20135.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3355_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1086\/511638","volume":"44","author":"DA Anaya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anaya DA, Dellinger EP. Necrotizing soft-tissue infection: diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:705\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3355_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","volume":"32","author":"CH Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, Tan KC, Low CO. The LRINEC (laboratory risk Indicator for necrotizing fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1535\u201341.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2017.0053","volume":"99","author":"J Bechar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bechar J, Sepehripour S, Hardwicke J, Filobbos G. Laboratory risk indicator for necrotising fasciitis (LRINEC) score for the assessment of early necrotising fasciitis: a systematic review of the literature. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99:341\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"3355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12192","volume":"62","author":"A Andersson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andersson A, Frank C, Willman AM, Sandman PO, Hansebo G. Adverse events in nursing: a retrospective study of reports of patient and relative experiences. Int Nurs Rev. 2015;62:377\u201385.","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"3355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1104719","volume":"48","author":"J Edman-Waller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edman-Waller J, Ljungstrom L, Jacobsson G, Andersson R, Werner M. Systemic symptoms predict presence or development of severe sepsis and septic shock. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48:209\u201314.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"3355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003","volume":"78","author":"P Croskerry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croskerry P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med. 2003;78:775\u201380.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"3355_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","volume":"9","author":"A Althubaiti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althubaiti A. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:211\u20137.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"3355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T17:18:44Z","timestamp":1693847924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3355-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (No. 930\u201312), the Danish Data Protection Agency and the National Committee on Health Research Ethics in Denmark (No. 48205). The Declaration of Helsinki [] was followed and the interviewees were informed about the study and that confidentiality was guaranteed. Information and written consent for this sub-study and INFECT were given at the acute stage of illness and obtained concurrently to reduce the strain on patients and\/or next of kin acting as proxy for the patient.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written and oral consent has been obtained from all participant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"429"}}