{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:21Z","timestamp":1787020161829,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ujala Foundation, Newton Square, PA"},{"name":"Sacharuna Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008799","name":"Gilead Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI069497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI069497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 TW009340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 TW009340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 TW009340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 TW009340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012306","name":"Johns Hopkins Center for Innovative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T08:29:32Z","timestamp":1538641772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization is associated with healthcare utilization and antimicrobial use among inpatients in Pune, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renu","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Kagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Raichur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Khadse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dileep","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chhaya","family":"Valvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Kinikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Kanade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishi","family":"Suryavanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Marbaniang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Zenilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Mave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10014","key":"3390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387(10014):176\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm318","volume":"60","author":"MJ Schwaber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(5):913\u201320.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"3390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1086\/504481","volume":"43","author":"CJ Donskey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Donskey CJ. Antibiotic regimens and intestinal colonization with antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(Supplement 2):S62\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.10.003","volume":"14","author":"B Stecher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stecher B, Hardt WD. Mechanisms controlling pathogen colonization of the gut. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011;14(1):82\u201391.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01664-10","volume":"55","author":"LCM Antunes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antunes LCM, Han J, Ferreira RBR, Loli\u0107 P, Borchers CH, Finlay BB. Effect of antibiotic treatment on the intestinal Metabolome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(4):1494\u2013503.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120238109","volume":"109","author":"T Looft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Looft T, Johnson TA, Allen HK, Bayles DO, Alt DP, Stedtfeld RD, Sul WJ, Stedtfeld TM, Chai B, Cole JR, et al. In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(5):1691\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"3390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku305","volume":"69","author":"MJ Vehreschild","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vehreschild MJ, Hamprecht A, Peterson L, Schubert S, Hantschel M, Peter S, Schafhausen P, Rohde H, Lilienfeld-Toal MV, Bekeredjian-Ding I, et al. A multicentre cohort study on colonization and infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(12):3387\u201392.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoesser N, Xayaheuang S, Vongsouvath M, Phommasone K, Elliott I, Del Ojo Elias C, Crook DW, Newton PN, Buisson Y, Lee SJ et al: Colonization with Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBLs in children attending pre-school childcare facilities in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015, 70(6):1893\u20131897.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv021"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks118","volume":"67","author":"UO Luvsansharav","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luvsansharav UO, Hirai I, Nakata A, Imura K, Yamauchi K, Niki M, Komalamisra C, Kusolsuk T, Yamamoto Y. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with faecal carriage of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in rural Thai communities. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(7):1769\u201374.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3390_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-199","volume":"13","author":"A Pathak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathak A, Chandran SP, Mahadik K, Macaden R, Stalsby Lundborg C. Frequency and factors associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant commensal Escherichia coli among women attending antenatal clinics in Central India. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:199.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","volume":"14","author":"TP Van Boeckel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Laxminarayan R. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001974","volume":"13","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laxminarayan R, Chaudhury RR. Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action. PLoS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001974.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00426-09","volume":"53","author":"SP Hawser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ, Badal RE, Hsueh PR, Paterson DL. Emergence of high levels of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli in the Asia-Pacific region: data from the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART) program, 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3280\u20134.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3390_CR14","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-528","volume":"14","author":"E Kuenzli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuenzli E, Jaeger VK, Frei R, Neumayr A, DeCrom S, Haller S, Blum J, Widmer AF, Furrer H, Battegay M, et al. High colonization rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Swiss travellers to South Asia- a prospective observational multicentre cohort study looking at epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):528.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3390_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00220-10","volume":"54","author":"T T\u00e4ngden","year":"2010","unstructured":"T\u00e4ngden T, Cars O, Melhus A, L\u00f6wdin E. Foreign travel is a major risk factor for colonization with Eschericha coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase: a prospective study with Swedish volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(9):3564\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3390_CR17","unstructured":"Chandy SJ, S KI, Jeyaseelan L, Kumar R, Suresh S: Antimicrobial prescription patterns for common acute infections in some rural & urban health facilities of India. Indian J Med Res 2008, 128(2):165\u2013171."},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix114","volume":"215","author":"V Mave","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mave V, Chandanwale A, Kagal A, Khadse S, Kadam D, Bharadwaj R, Dohe V, Robinson ML, Kinikar A, Joshi S, et al. High burden of antimicrobial resistance and mortality among adults and children with community-onset bacterial infections in India. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(8):1312\u201320.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3390_CR19","unstructured":"Instructions for Collecting Stool Specimens \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/outbreaks\/investigating-outbreaks\/specimen-collection.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 May 2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-28-2-151","volume":"28","author":"M Dan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dan M, Richardson J, Miliotis MD, Koornhof HJ. Comparison of preservation media and freezing conditions for storage of specimens of faeces. J Med Microbiol. 1989;28(2):151\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00994-06","volume":"44","author":"KC Carroll","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carroll KC, Glanz BD, Borek AP, Burger C, Bhally HS, Henciak S, Flayhart D. Evaluation of the BD Phoenix automated microbiology system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(10):3506\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1463-1468.2003","volume":"41","author":"M Sanguinetti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, Spanu T, Ciccaglione D, Romano L, Fiori B, Nicoletti G, Zanetti S, Fadda G. Characterization of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Italy by the BD Phoenix extended-spectrum beta-lactamase detection method. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(4):1463\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150198","volume":"21","author":"C Nora","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nora C, Sandra NB, Thiphasone K-T, Ruth L, Kristin MS, Paula Snippes V, Marion AK, Daniel BM, Lucy W, Elisabeth V, et al. Improved phenotype-based definition for identifying Carbapenemase producers among Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(9):1611.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv423","volume":"71","author":"F Barbier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barbier F, Pommier C, Essaied W, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Schwebel C, Ruckly S, Dumenil AS, Lemiale V, Mourvillier B, Clec'h C, et al. Colonization and infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in ICU patients: what impact on outcomes and carbapenem exposure? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):1088\u201397.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"3390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O879","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12663","volume":"20","author":"P Grohs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grohs P, Podglajen I, Guerot E, Bellenfant F, Caumont-Prim A, Kac G, Tillecovidin B, Carbonnelle E, Chatellier G, Meyer G, et al. Assessment of five screening strategies for optimal detection of carriers of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units using daily sampling. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(11):O879\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3390_CR26","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks072","volume":"67","author":"AC Thiebaut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiebaut AC, Arlet G, Andremont A, Papy E, Sollet JP, Bernede-Bauduin C, Guillemot D, Schlemmer B, ColoRea Study G. Variability of intestinal colonization with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic use in intensive care units. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(6):1525\u201336.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"3390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2675-0","volume":"38","author":"K Razazi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Razazi K, Derde LPG, Verachten M, Legrand P, Lesprit P, Brun-Buisson C. Clinical impact and risk factors for colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(11):1769\u201378.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3390_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-477","volume":"13","author":"P Shakya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakya P, Barrett P, Diwan V, Marothi Y, Shah H, Chhari N, Tamhankar AJ, Pathak A, Lundborg CS. Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from stool samples of children aged 3 to 14 years from Ujjain, India. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:477.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1086\/533475","volume":"46","author":"A Apisarnthanarak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Apisarnthanarak A, Bailey TC, Fraser VJ. Duration of stool colonization in patients infected with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(8):1322\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1086\/651304","volume":"31","author":"AC Weintrob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weintrob AC, Roediger MP, Barber M, Summers A, Fieberg AM, Dunn J, Seldon V, Leach F, Huang XZ, Nikolich MP, et al. Natural history of colonization with gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(4):330\u20137.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2014.34.1.20","volume":"34","author":"J Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee JY, Kim SI, Song W, Kim J-S, Jung S, Yu JK, Park KG, Park Y-J. Rates of fecal transmission of extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing and Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients in intensive care units in Korea. Ann Lab Med. 2014;34(1):20\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3390_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis770","volume":"55","author":"S Tschudin-Sutter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tschudin-Sutter S, Frei R, Dangel M, Stranden A, Widmer AF. Rate of transmission of extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase\u2013producing Enterobacteriaceae without contact isolation. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(11):1505\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir522","volume":"53","author":"PL Woerther","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woerther PL, Angebault C, Jacquier H, Hugede HC, Janssens AC, Sayadi S, El Mniai A, Armand-Lefevre L, Ruppe E, Barbier F, et al. Massive increase, spread, and exchange of extended Spectrum beta-lactamase-encoding genes among intestinal Enterobacteriaceae in hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition in Niger. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):677\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001028","volume":"43","author":"MJ Dautzenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dautzenberg MJ, Wekesa AN, Gniadkowski M, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H, Petrikkos GL, Skiada A, Brun-Buisson C, Bonten MJ, Derde LP, et al. The association between colonization with carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and overall ICU mortality: an observational cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(6):1170\u20137.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3390_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1086\/673155","volume":"34","author":"JH Han","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han JH, Bilker WB, Nachamkin I, Tolomeo P, Mao X, Fishman NO, Lautenbach E. Impact of antibiotic use during hospitalization on the development of gastrointestinal colonization with Escherichia coli with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(10):1070\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1086\/510393","volume":"44","author":"HD Timothy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Timothy HD, Robert CO, John E, McGowan DNG Jr, Weinstein RA, Burke JP, Huskins WC, David LP, Neil OF, Christopher FC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(2):159\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3390_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i51","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks202","volume":"67","author":"D Ashiru-Oredope","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ashiru-Oredope D, Sharland M, Charani E, McNulty C, Cooke J, Group AAS. Improving the quality of antibiotic prescribing in the NHS by developing a new antimicrobial stewardship Programme: start Smart--then focus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(Suppl 1):i51\u201363.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00065-7","volume":"16","author":"EC Schuts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schuts EC, Hulscher ME, Mouton JW, Verduin CM, Stuart JW, Overdiek HW, van der Linden PD, Natsch S, Hertogh CM, Wolfs TF, et al. Current evidence on hospital antimicrobial stewardship objectives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):847\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3390_CR40","unstructured":"Bus L, Denys W, Catteeuw J, Gadeyne B, Vermeulen K, Boelens J, Claeys G, Waele JJ, Decruyenaere J, Depuydt PO. Impact of de-escalation of beta-lactam antibiotics on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in ICU patients: a retrospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2016:1\u201311."},{"key":"3390_CR41","volume-title":"Global Action Plan on Antmicrobial Resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Action Plan on Antmicrobial Resistance. 2015."},{"key":"3390_CR42","first-page":"281","volume":"134","author":"Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) - India Working Group","year":"2011","unstructured":"Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) - India Working Group. Rationalizing antibioitc use to limit antibiotic resistance in India. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134:281\u201394.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T07:35:48Z","timestamp":1589441748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3390-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the BJGMC-SGH Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Number NA_00078938). Written informed consent was obtained from adults 18\u00a0years and older, or by the legal guardian in the case of children under age 18\u00a0years. An additional assent was obtained from children 12 to 18\u00a0years of age.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"504"}}