{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:01:09Z","timestamp":1793322069995,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007819","name":"Allergan plc","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T06:36:52Z","timestamp":1543991812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A systematic review of the association between delayed appropriate therapy and mortality among patients hospitalized with infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli: how long is too long?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Lodise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Fahrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Gillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3524_CR1","first-page":"71","volume":"68","author":"SP Hawser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawser SP, Badal RE, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ, Hackel MA, Biedenbach DJ, Goff DA. Susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacilli from intra-abdominal pathogens to antimicrobial agents collected in the United States during 2011. J Inf Secur. 2013;68:71\u20136.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"3524_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1086\/671740","volume":"34","author":"MD Zilberberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF. Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:940\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"3524_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Available at: \n                    http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/threat-report-2013\/pdf\/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed Sept 12, 2018."},{"issue":"8","key":"3524_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000337","volume":"42","author":"ST Micek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Micek ST, Heard KM, Gowan M, Kollef MH. Identifying critically ill patients at risk for inappropriate antibiotic therapy: a pilot study of a point-of-care decision support alert. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(8):1832\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3524_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318239cf0a","volume":"90","author":"Scott T. Micek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Micek ST, Reichley RM, Kollef MH. Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP): empiric antibiotics targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa predict optimal outcome. Medicine. 2011;90:390\u20135.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"3524_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1086\/499406","volume":"42","author":"SE Cosgrove","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(suppl 2):S82\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3524_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12697","volume":"20","author":"LS Tzouvelekis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tzouvelekis LS, Markogiannakis A, Piperaki E, Souli M, Daikos GL. Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;20:862\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3524_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks301","volume":"67","author":"KZ Vardakas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2793\u2013803.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3524_CR9","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: \n                    https:\/\/www.R-project.org\n                    \n                  . Accessed Feb 24, 2016."},{"key":"3524_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6965.1351","volume":"309","author":"SG Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson SG. Why sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be investigated. BMJ. 1994;309:1351\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"3524_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00782-08","volume":"53","author":"G. L. Daikos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daikos GL, Petrikkos P, Psichogiou M, Kosmidis C, Vryonis E, Skoutelis A, Georgousi K, Tzouvelekis LS, Tassios PT, Bamia C, et al. Prospective observational study of the impact of VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase on the outcome of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:1868\u201373.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"3524_CR12","first-page":"13","volume":"58","author":"KP Abhilash","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abhilash KP, Veeraraghavan B, Abraham OC. Epidemiology and outcome of bacteremia caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010;58:13\u20137.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"5","key":"3524_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1715-1720.2006","volume":"50","author":"D. J. Anderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anderson DJ, Engemann JJ, Harrell LJ, Carmeli Y, Reller LB, Kaye KS. Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infection due to ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1715\u201320.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"12","key":"3524_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1521-1","volume":"28","author":"Bin Du","year":"2002","unstructured":"Du B, Long Y, Liu H, Chen D, Liu D, Xu Y, Xie X. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1718\u201323.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"3524_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.6.1008","volume":"12","author":"W. R. Gransden","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gransden WR, Eykyn SJ, Phillips I, Rowe B. Bacteremia due to Escherichia coli: a study of 861 episodes. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:1008\u201318.","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3524_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung Y, Lee MJ, Sin HY, Kim NH, Hwang JH, Park J, Choe PG, Park WB, Kim ES, Park SW, et al. Differences in characteristics between healthcare-associated and community-acquired infection in community-onset Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:239.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-239"},{"issue":"12","key":"3524_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4574-4581.2004","volume":"48","author":"C.-I. Kang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kang CI, Kim SH, Wan BP, Lee KD, Kim HB, Kim EC, Oh MD, Choe KW. Bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for mortality and treatment outcome, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4574\u201381.","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"3524_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2013.775479","volume":"45","author":"Cheol-In Kang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kang CI, Wi YM, Ko KS, Chung DR, Peck KR, Lee NY, Song JH. Outcomes and risk factors for mortality in community-onset bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, with a special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:519\u201325.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3524_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim BN, Woo JH, Kim MN, Ryu J, Kim YS. Clinical implications of extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia. J Hosp Infect. 2002;52:99\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1288"},{"key":"3524_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metan G, Zarakolu P, Cakir B, Hascelik G, Uzun O. Clinical outcomes and therapeutic options of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:254\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.06.012"},{"key":"3524_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01365-09","volume":"54","author":"ST Micek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J, Pervez M, Doherty JA, Reichley RM, Kollef MH. Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1742\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"3524_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1266-2","volume":"30","author":"M. Ortega","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ortega M, Marco F, Soriano A, Almela M, Martinez JA, Lopez J, Pitart C, Mensa J. Cefotaxime resistance and outcome of Klebsiella spp bloodstream infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:1599\u2013605.","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"3524_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0072","volume":"17","author":"Sun Hee Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park SH, Choi SM, Lee DG, Kim J, Choi JH, Kim SH, Kwon JC, Yoo JH. Emergence of extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli as a cause of community-onset bacteremia in South Korea: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Microb Drug Resist. 2011;17:537\u201344.","journal-title":"Microbial Drug Resistance"},{"issue":"5","key":"3524_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02353-09","volume":"48","author":"J. Rodriguez-Bano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Bano J, Picon E, Gijon P, Hernandez JR, Cisneros JM, Pena C, Almela M, Almirante B, Grill F, Colomina J, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-(beta)-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1726\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3524_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.529","volume":"174","author":"D. A. Schiappa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schiappa DA, Hayden MK, Matushek MG, Hashemi FN, Sullivan J, Smith KY, Miyashiro D, Quinn JP, Weinstein RA, Trenholme GM. Ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: a case-control and molecular epidemiologic investigation. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"3524_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702011000600016","volume":"15","author":"Felipe Francisco Tuon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tuon FF, Kruger M, Terreri M, Penteado-Filho SR, Gortz L. Klebsiella ESBL bacteremia-mortality and risk factors. Braz J Infect Dis. 2011;15:594\u20138.","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3524_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2010.08.004","volume":"44","author":"SS Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang SS, Lee NY, Hsueh PR, Huang WH, Tsui KC, Lee HC, Wu CJ, Chang CM, Huang CC, Huang CF, et al. Clinical manifestations and prognostic factors in cancer patients with bacteremia due to extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011;44:282\u20138.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"3524_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.09.019","volume":"16","author":"Un-In Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu UI, Chen WC, Yang CS, Wang JL, Hu FC, Chang SC, Chen YC. Ertapenem in the treatment of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a propensity score analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e47\u201352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3524_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03514.x","volume":"17","author":"O Zarkotou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zarkotou O, Pournaras S, Tselioti P, Dragoumanos V, Pitiriga V, Ranellou K, Prekates A, Themeli-Digalaki K, Tsakris A. Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and impact of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1798\u2013803.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3524_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06301-11","volume":"56","author":"NY Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee NY, Lee CC, Huang WH, Tsui KC, Hsueh PR, Ko WC. Carbapenem therapy for bacteremia due to extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications of ertapenem susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2888\u201393.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"3524_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-013-0571-3","volume":"19","author":"Ji-Hoon Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park JH, Choi SH, Chung JW. The impact of early adequate antimicrobial therapy on 14-day mortality in patients with monomicrobial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19:843\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"3524_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9","volume":"34","author":"A Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light G, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, Stuppes R, Feinstein D, Zanotti S, Talberg L, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1589\u201396.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T19:11:45Z","timestamp":1575486705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3524-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"TPL has received consulting fees or honoraria and support for travel to meetings for this study or other purposes from Allergan plc. He has also been a consultant for Merck and The Medicines Company and has received payment for lectures including service on speakers bureaus for Allergan for work not associated with the current study. QZ was an employee of Allergan at the time of study conduct and analysis. KF and AM are employees of Evidera. Evidera received payment for conducting the analyses on which this study is based. PJG is an employee of Allergan and may hold stock or stock options.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"625"}}