{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:13:17Z","timestamp":1773796397968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T08:36:47Z","timestamp":1543912607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in indigenous and non-indigenous adults in northwestern Ontario, Canada, 2006\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9842-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Dalcin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Sieswerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ulanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S5","key":"3531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12461","volume":"20","author":"JJ Drikoningen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drikoningen JJ, Rohde GG. Pneumococcal infection in adults: burden of disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(S5):45\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3531_CR2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;S1473-3099(18)30310-4."},{"key":"3531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.061522","volume":"14","author":"N Degani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Degani N, Navarro C, Deeks SL, Lovgren M. Invasive bacterial diseases in northern Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:34\u201340.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.071315","volume":"14","author":"MG Bruce","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bruce MG, Deeks SL, Zulz T, Bruden D, Navarro C, Lovgren M, et al. International circumpolar surveillance system for invasive pneumococcal disease, 1999-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:25\u201333.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1086\/652440","volume":"50","author":"D Lehmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lehmann D, Willis J, Moore HC, Giele C, Murphy G, Keil AD, et al. The changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in aboriginal and non-aboriginal Western Australians from 1997 through 2007 and emergence of non-vaccine serotypes. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1477\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.07.004","volume":"34","author":"N Segal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Segal N, Greenberg D, Dagan R, Ben-Shimol S. Disparities in PCV impact between different ethnic populations cohabiting in the same region: a systematic review of the literature. Vaccine. 2016;34:4371\u20137.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v42i04a01","volume":"42","author":"L Ya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ya L, Martin I, Tsang R, Squires SG, Demczuk W, Desai S. Invasive bacterial diseases in northern Canada, 2006-2013. Can Comm Dis Rep. 2016;42:74\u201380.","journal-title":"Can Comm Dis Rep"},{"key":"3531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1784","volume":"297","author":"RJ Singleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singleton RJ, Hennessey TW, Bulkow LR, Hammitt LL, Zulz T, Hurlburt DA, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes among Alaska native children with high levels of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage. JAMA. 2007;297:1784\u201392.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1086\/651680","volume":"50","author":"R Weatherholtz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weatherholtz R, Millar EV, Moulton LH, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease a decade after a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in an American Indian population at high risk for disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1238\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3531_CR10","unstructured":"Canadian Immunization Guide: Part 4 \u2013 Active Vaccines. <\n                    https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines\/page-16-pneumococcal-vaccine.html#risk-factors>\n                    \n                  . Accessed September 29, 2018."},{"key":"3531_CR11","unstructured":"Public Health Ontario. Immunization coverage report for school pupils in Ontario; 2016\u201317 school year. < \n                    https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/en\/eRepository\/immunization-coverage-report-2016-17.pdf\n                    \n                  >. Accessed September 29, 2018."},{"key":"3531_CR12","unstructured":"Vaccine uptake in Canadian adults: results from the 2014 adult National Immunization Coverage Survey. < \n                    https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/vaccine-uptake-canadian-adults-results-2014-adult-national-immunization-coverage-survey.html\n                    \n                  >. Accessed September 29, 2018."},{"key":"3531_CR13","unstructured":"Northwest LHIN Environmental Scan, 2013. <\n                    http:\/\/www.tbrhsc.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/2013-Spring-North-West-LHIN-Common-Environmental-Scan.pdf\n                    \n                  >. Accessed October 28, 2018."},{"key":"3531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ803","volume":"62","author":"A Shigayeva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shigayeva A, Rudnick W, Green K, Chen DK, Demczuk W, Gold WL. Invasive pneumococcal disease among immunocompromised persons: implications for vaccination programs. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:139\u201347.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2518-2522.2004","volume":"42","author":"HC Slotved","year":"2004","unstructured":"Slotved HC, Kaltoft M, Skovsted IC, Kern MB, Espersen F. Simple, rapid latex agglutination test for serotyping of pneumococci (Pneumotest-latex). J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(6):2518\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3531_CR16","volume-title":"Public Health Agency of Canada","author":"Invasive pneumococcal disease, Notifiable Diseases Online","year":"2017","unstructured":"Invasive pneumococcal disease, Notifiable Diseases Online. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2017 [cited December 15, 2017]. Available from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/immunization\/vaccine-preventable-diseases\/invasive-pneumococcal-disease\/health-professionals.html"},{"key":"3531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E545","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20160035","volume":"4","author":"S Desai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desai S, Policarpio ME, Wong K, Gubbay J, Fediurek J, Deeks S. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults from 2007 to 2014 in Ontario, Canada: a population based study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4:E545\u201350.","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"3531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.066","volume":"28","author":"S Moberley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moberley S, Krause V, Cook H, Mulholland K, Carapetis J, Torzillo P, et al. Failure to vaccinate or failure of vaccine? Effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine program in indigenous adults in the Northern Territory of Australia. Vaccine. 2010;28:2296\u2013301.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.04.007","volume":"42","author":"VR Duvvuri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duvvuri VR, Deng X, Teatero S, Memari N, Athey T, Fittipaldi N, et al. Population structure and drug resistance patterns of emerging non-PCV-13 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 22F, 15A, and 8 isolated from adults in Ontario, Canada. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;42:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"3531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.058","volume":"34","author":"AR Golden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golden AR, Adam HJ, Zhanel GG, Alliance CAR. Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 2011\u20132014: Characterization of new candidate 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes 22F and 33F. Vaccine. 2016;34:2527\u201330.","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T19:08:18Z","timestamp":1575400098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3531-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for this study was provided by the Research Ethics Board of the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre who determined that patient consent was not required because data is presented in aggregate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"621"}}