{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:25:36Z","timestamp":1791912336644,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T08:50:20Z","timestamp":1544172620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chandini Raina","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrar Ahmad","family":"Chughtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Ridda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Seale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renin","family":"Toms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Heywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1086\/652446","volume":"50","author":"EH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee EH, Wu C, Lee EU, et al. Fatalities associated with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in New York city. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1498\u2013504.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5858\/134.2.235","volume":"134","author":"JR Gill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gill JR, Sheng ZM, Ely SF, et al. Pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal 2009 pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 viral infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:235\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"3548_CR3","first-page":"168","volume":"60","author":"YS Chien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chien YS, Su CP, Tsai HT, et al. Predictors and outcomes of respiratory failure among hospitalized pneumonia patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Taiwan. J Inf Secur. 2010;60:168\u201374.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"3548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-010-0553-9","volume":"115","author":"RE Busi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Busi RE, Schinina V, Ferraro F, et al. Radiological findings of pneumonia in patients with swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1). Radiol Med. 2010;115:507\u201315.","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"3548_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1164\/201001-0037OC","volume":"182","author":"E Estenssoro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Estenssoro E, Rios FG, Apezteguia C, et al. Pandemic 2009 influenza A in Argentina: a study of 337 patients on mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR6","first-page":"201","volume":"109","author":"AS Chitnis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chitnis AS, Truelove SA, Druckenmiller JK, Heffernan RT, Davis JP. Epidemiologic and clinical features among patients hospitalized in Wisconsin with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus infections, April to August 2009. WMJ. 2010;109:201\u20138.","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"3548_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.203","volume":"164","author":"JK Louie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Louie JK, Gavali S, Acosta M, et al. Children hospitalized with 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1) in California. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:1023\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181d9c80b","volume":"11","author":"P Jouvet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jouvet P, Hutchison J, Pinto R, et al. Critical illness in children with influenza A\/pH1N1 2009 infection in Canada. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010;11:603\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1077","volume":"10","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madhi SA, Klugman KP. A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia. Nat Med. 2004;10:811\u20133 Epub 2004\/07\/13.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3548_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","volume":"198","author":"DM Morens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:962\u201370 Epub 2008\/08\/20.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071313","volume":"14","author":"JF Brundage","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brundage JF, Shanks GD. Deaths from bacterial pneumonia during 1918-19 influenza pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1193\u20139 Epub 2008\/08\/06.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","volume":"8","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8:336\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"3548_CR13","volume-title":"Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus. 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/gisrs_laboratory\/terminology_ah1n1pdm09\/en\/ . Cited 24 Jan 2013."},{"key":"3548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.126953","volume":"65","author":"G Fajardo-Dolci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fajardo-Dolci G, Gutierrez-Vega R, Arboleya-Casanova H, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatalities due to influenza A (H1N1) virus in Mexico. Thorax. 2010;65:505\u20139.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3548_CR15","first-page":"941","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for pediatric deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - United States, April\u2013August 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:941\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"3548_CR16","first-page":"1071","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bacterial coinfections in lung tissue specimens from fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) - United States, May\u2013August 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:1071\u20134.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"3548_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1420OC","volume":"181","author":"T Mauad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mauad T, Hajjar LA, Callegari GD, et al. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A (H1N1) infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:72\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100115","volume":"177","author":"W-J Shieh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shieh W-J, Blau DM, Denison AM, et al. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:166\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3548_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14550-02","volume":"14","author":"S Lucas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lucas S. Predictive clinicopathological features derived from systematic autopsy examination of patients who died with A\/H1N1 influenza infection in the UK 2009-10 pandemic. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:83\u2013114.","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"3548_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.1.22","volume":"26","author":"HS Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim HS, Kim JH, Shin SY, et al. Fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2011;26:22\u20137.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"3548_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.125","volume":"25","author":"N Nakajima","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakajima N, Sato Y, Katano H, et al. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of 20 autopsy cases with 2009 H1N1 virus infection. Mod Pathol. 2012;25:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"3548_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina48060048","volume":"48","author":"K Tamme","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamme K, Minajeva A, Adamson V, et al. Clinical and pathological findings of fatal 2009-2010 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in Estonia. Medicina (Kaunas). 2012;48:48\u201356.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"3548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904252","volume":"361","author":"R Perez-Padilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perez-Padilla R, De La Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce De Leon S, et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:680\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-145","volume":"10","author":"W Cui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cui W, Zhao H, Lu X, et al. Factors associated with death in hospitalized pneumonia patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Shenyang, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:145.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"3548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c87716","volume":"38","author":"S Ugarte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ugarte S, Arancibia F, Soto R. Influenza A pandemics: clinical and organizational aspects: the experience in Chile. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4 Suppl):e133\u20137.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2021-3","volume":"36","author":"A Roch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roch A, Lepaul-Ercole R, Grisoli D, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe influenza A (H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective observational comparative study. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1899\u2013905.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR27","first-page":"749","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Michigan, June 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:749\u201352.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"3548_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1396","volume":"139","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin-Loeches I, Sanchez-Corral A, Diaz E, et al. Community-acquired respiratory coinfection in critically ill patients with pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus. Chest. 2011;139:555\u201362.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R148","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8044","volume":"13","author":"J Rello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rello J, Rodriguez A, Ibanez P, et al. Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain. Crit Care. 2009;13:R148.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq022","volume":"103","author":"CF Koegelenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koegelenberg CF, Irusen EM, Cooper R, et al. High mortality from respiratory failure secondary to swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in South Africa. Qjm. 2010;103:319\u201325.","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"3548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.05.031","volume":"26","author":"N Nin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nin N, Soto L, Hurtado J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care. 2011;26:186\u201392.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3548_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201101-0110OC","volume":"183","author":"S-H Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim S-H, Hong S-B, Yun S-C, et al. Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 2009 infection: analytic strategy using propensity scores. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1207\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1496","volume":"302","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA. 2009;302:1872\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3548_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1535","volume":"302","author":"A Davies","year":"2009","unstructured":"Australia, New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Influenza I, Davies A, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2009;302:1888\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3548_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malato L, Llavador V, Marmier E, Youssef J, Balick Weber C, Roz\u00e9 H, Bessede E, Fleury HJ. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009: molecular characterisation and duration of viral shedding in intensive care patients in Bordeaux, south-west France, May 2009 to January 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(4). Available online: http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19776 .","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.04.19776-en"},{"key":"3548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2517","volume":"137","author":"IRR Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller IRR, Markewitz BA, Rolfs RT, et al. Clinical findings and demographic factors associated with ICU admission in Utah due to novel 2009 influenza a(H1N1) infection. Chest. 2010;137:752\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w13177","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2011.13177","volume":"141","author":"LM Lucker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucker LM, Kherad O, Iten A, et al. Clinical features and outcome of hospitalised adults and children with the 2009 influenza A H1N1 infection at Geneva\u2019s University Hospital. Swiss Med Wkly. 2011;141:w13177.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"3548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2010.05.005","volume":"26","author":"T Leen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leen T, Williams TA, Campbell L, et al. Early experience with influenza A H1N109 in an Australian intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2010;26:207\u201314.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"3548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182416f23","volume":"40","author":"TW Rice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rice TW, Rubinson L, Uyeki TM, et al. Critical illness from 2009 pandemic influenza A virus and bacterial coinfection in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1487\u201398.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1086\/650750","volume":"50","author":"JP Torres","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torres JP, O'Ryan M, Herve B, et al. Impact of the novel influenza A (H1N1) during the 2009 autumn-winter season in a large hospital setting in Santiago, Chile. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:860\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03171.x","volume":"16","author":"E D'Ortenzio","year":"2010","unstructured":"D'Ortenzio E, Renault P, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, et al. A review of the dynamics and severity of the pandemic A(H1N1) influenza virus on Reunion island, 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:309\u201316.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3548_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005361","volume":"4","author":"G Palacios","year":"2009","unstructured":"Palacios G, Hornig M, Cisterna D, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of H1N1 pandemic influenza. PLoS One. 2009;4:1\u20135.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0115-z","volume":"17","author":"T Okada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okada T, Morozumi M, Matsubara K, et al. Characteristic findings of pediatric inpatients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection among severe and nonsevere illnesses. J Infect Chemother. 2011;17:238\u201345.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"3548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1609.091723","volume":"16","author":"DJ Muscatello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muscatello DJ, Cretikos MA, Macintyre CR. All-cause mortality during first wave of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, New South Wales, Australia, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1396\u2013402 Epub 2010\/08\/26.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0910445","volume":"361","author":"JF Bishop","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bishop JF, Murnane MP, Owen R. Australia\u2019s winter with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2591\u20134 Epub 2009\/11\/27.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200266","volume":"67","author":"PR Myles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Myles PR, Semple MG, Lim WS, et al. Predictors of clinical outcome in a national hospitalised cohort across both waves of the influenza A\/H1N1 pandemic 2009\u20132010 in the UK. Thorax. 2012;67:709\u201317.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000843","volume":"17","author":"B Bridges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bridges B, Rycus P, Fonnesbeck C, Fleming G, Halasa N. Global trends in Extracorporeal membranous Oxygenation use and survival of patients with Influenza-associated illness. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17:876\u201383.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0908216","volume":"361","author":"Y-W Chien","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chien Y-W, Klugman KP, Morens DM. Bacterial pathogens and death during the 1918 influenza pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2582\u20133.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR49","volume-title":"WHO guidelines on the use of vaccines and antivirals during influenza pandemics","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO guidelines on the use of vaccines and antivirals during influenza pandemics. 2004."},{"key":"3548_CR50","first-page":"95","volume":"3","author":"M Bonten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonten M, Bolkenbaas M, Huijts S, et al. Community acquired pneumonia immunisation trial in adults (CAPITA). Pneumonia. 2014;3:95.","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"key":"3548_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022678","volume":"348","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Yu O, et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1747\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR52","volume-title":"Pandemic influenza and critical infrastructure","author":"R Itzwerth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Itzwerth R. Pandemic influenza and critical infrastructure. Sydney: University of New South Wales (UNSW); 2013."},{"key":"3548_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.63.251","volume":"63","author":"R Champunot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Champunot R, Tanjatham S, Kerdsin A, et al. Impact of pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus-associated community-acquired pneumonia among adults in a tertiary hospital in Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010;63:251\u20136.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2189-1","volume":"37","author":"E Cuquemelle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cuquemelle E, Soulis F, Villers D, et al. Can procalcitonin help identify associated bacterial infection in patients with severe influenza pneumonia? A multicentre study. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:796\u2013800.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903490026","volume":"42","author":"WJ Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi WJ, Kim WY, Kim SH, et al. Clinical characteristics of pneumonia in hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) in Korea. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42:311\u20134.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31822e67a7","volume":"90","author":"D Viasus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Viasus D, Pano-Pardo JR, Pachon J, et al. Pneumonia complicating pandemic (H1N1) 2009: risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90:328\u201336.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"3548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.07.009","volume":"26","author":"E Piacentini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piacentini E, Sanchez B, Arauzo V, et al. Procalcitonin levels are lower in intensive care unit patients with H1N1 influenza A virus pneumonia than in those with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. A pilot study. J Crit Care. 2011;26:201\u20135.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3548_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012849","volume":"5","author":"S Mulrennan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mulrennan S, Tempone SS, Ling ITW, et al. Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 pneumonia: CURB-65 score for predicting severity and nasopharyngeal sampling for diagnosis are unreliable. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12849.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3548_CR59","first-page":"536","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2009","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - California, April\u2013May, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:536\u201341.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"3548_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906695","volume":"361","author":"S Jain","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1935\u201344.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1583","volume":"302","author":"JK Louie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, et al. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA. 2009;302:1896\u2013902.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3548_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-501","volume":"8","author":"A Dhanoa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dhanoa A, Fang NC, Hassan SS, Kaniappan P, Rajasekaram G. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection. Virol J. 2011;8:501.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2009.096206","volume":"86","author":"KKW To","year":"2010","unstructured":"To KKW, Wong SSY, Li IWS, et al. Concurrent comparison of epidemiology, clinical presentation and outcome between adult patients suffering from the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus and the seasonal influenza A virus infection. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86:515\u201321.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"3548_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03362.x","volume":"17","author":"D Viasus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Viasus D, Pano-Pardo JR, Pachon J, et al. Factors associated with severe disease in hospitalized adults with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:738\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3548_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833e508f","volume":"24","author":"M Riera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riera M, Payeras A, Marcos MA, et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A infection in HIV-1-infected patients: a Spanish multicenter study. Aids. 2010;24:2461\u20137.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"3548_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2010.03.008","volume":"61","author":"A Semionov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Semionov A, Tremblay C, Samson L, et al. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: chest radiographic findings from 147 proven cases in the Montreal area. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2010;61:233\u201340.","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"3548_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1086\/650581","volume":"50","author":"KKW To","year":"2010","unstructured":"To KKW, Hung IFN, Li IWS, et al. Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:850\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR68","first-page":"1475","volume":"17","author":"M Masia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Masia M, Padilla S, Antequera P, et al. Predictors of pneumococcal co-infection for patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1475\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-011-0054-4","volume":"123","author":"B Pecavar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pecavar B, Nadrah K, Papst L, et al. Clinical characteristics of adult patients with influenza-like illness hospitalized in general ward during Influenza A H1N1 pandemic 2009\/2010. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011;123:662\u20137.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"3548_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-0846-7","volume":"39","author":"Y Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu Y, Chen H, Sun Y, Chen F. Antiviral role of toll-like receptors and cytokines against the new 2009 H1N1 virus infection. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:1163\u201372.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"3548_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.135210","volume":"65","author":"JS Nguyen-Van-Tam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw PJM, Hashim A, et al. Risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A\/H1N1 influenza: United Kingdom first wave (May-September 2009). Thorax. 2010;65:645\u201351.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3548_CR72","first-page":"23","volume":"15","author":"P Santa-Olalla Peralta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santa-Olalla Peralta P, Cortes-Garcia M, Vicente-Herrero M, et al. Risk factors for disease severity among hospitalised patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Spain, April - December 2009. Euro Surveill. 2010;15:23.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"3548_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0166","volume":"85","author":"C Venkata","year":"2010","unstructured":"Venkata C, Sampathkumar P, Afessa B. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 Influenza infection: the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:798\u2013805.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"3548_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2010.100379","volume":"52","author":"A Jartti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jartti A, Rauvala E, Kauma H, et al. Chest imaging findings in hospitalized patients with H1N1 influenza. Acta Radiol. 2011;52:297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"3548_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1086\/653444","volume":"51","author":"C Rizzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rizzo C, Caporali MG, Rota MC. Pandemic influenza and pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila: a frequently underestimated coinfection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:115.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091696","volume":"16","author":"E Kopel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kopel E, Amitai Z, Grotto I, Kaliner E, Volovik I. Patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in intensive care units, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:720\u20131.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3548_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1536","volume":"302","author":"G Dominguez-Cherit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dominguez-Cherit G, Lapinsky SE, Macias AE, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico. JAMA. 2009;302:1880\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3548_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907673","volume":"362","author":"R Libster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Libster R, Bugna J, Coviello S, et al. Pediatric hospitalizations associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:45\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3548_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181d73e32","volume":"29","author":"S Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar S, Havens PL, Chusid MJ, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of children hospitalized with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza a infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:591\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"3548_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.259","volume":"164","author":"Y Miroballi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miroballi Y, Baird JS, Zackai S, et al. Novel influenza A(H1N1) in a pediatric health care facility in New York City during the first wave of the 2009 pandemic. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:24\u201330.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3548_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091724","volume":"182","author":"S O'Riordan","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Riordan S, Barton M, Yau Y, et al. Risk factors and outcomes among children admitted to hospital with pandemic H1N1 influenza. CMAJ. 2010;182:39\u201344.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"3548_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.044","volume":"28","author":"JA Bettinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bettinger JA, Sauve LJ, Scheifele DW, et al. Pandemic influenza in Canadian children: a summary of hospitalized pediatric cases. Vaccine. 2010;28:3180\u20134.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3548_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181ccedae","volume":"11","author":"JL Lockman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lockman JL, Fischer WA, Perl TM, Valsamakis A, Nichols DG. The critically ill child with novel H1N1 influenza A: a case series. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010;11:173\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.195","volume":"164","author":"M Stein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stein M, Tasher D, Glikman D, et al. Hospitalization of children with influenza A(H1N1) virus in Israel during the 2009 outbreak in Israel: a multicenter survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:1015\u201322.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3548_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-72","volume":"10","author":"PD Tamma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Turnbull AE, Milstone AM, et al. Clinical outcomes of seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pediatric inpatients. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:72.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"3548_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0168-0","volume":"77","author":"A Parakh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parakh A, Kumar A, Kumar V, Dutta AK, Khare S. Pediatric hospitalizations associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): an experience from a tertiary care center in North India. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:981\u20135.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"3548_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1853-1","volume":"36","author":"JA Farias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farias JA, Fernandez A, Monteverde E, et al. Critically ill infants and children with influenza A (H1N1) in pediatric intensive care units in Argentina. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1015\u201322.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3548_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1450","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0774","volume":"128","author":"AG Randolph","year":"2011","unstructured":"Randolph AG, Vaughn F, Sullivan R, et al. Critically ill children during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e1450\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3548_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21288","volume":"45","author":"SY Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shin SY, Kim JH, Kim HS, et al. Clinical characteristics of Korean pediatric patients critically ill with influenza A (H1N1) virus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1014\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T10:16:41Z","timestamp":1775297801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3548-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"C. Raina MacIntyre has received in-kind support and funding for investigator-driven research from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Merck, and\u00a0Seqirus, and has sat on advisory boards for Merck, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. IR: IR has received grant funds for investigator-driven research from GSK, Pfizer and for consultation from Merck. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests and have no non-financial interests that may be relevant to the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"637"}}