{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:53:49Z","timestamp":1794048829854,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["171202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["171202002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]],"date-time":"2019-01-06T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1546814729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Cardiac events after macrolides or fluoroquinolones in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douwe F.","family":"Postma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Spitoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis H.","family":"van Werkhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leontine J. R.","family":"van Elden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Jelrik","family":"Oosterheert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J. M.","family":"Bonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"3630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1086\/511159","volume":"44","author":"LA Mandell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Supplement 2):S27\u201372 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33847155159&partnerID=tZOtx3y1\n                    \n                   [cited 10 Jul 2014].","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"3630_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.121434","volume":"64","author":"WS Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64(Suppl 3):iii1\u2013iii55.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"3630_CR3","first-page":"90","volume":"70","author":"WJ Wiersinga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiersinga WJ, Bonten MJ, Boersma WG, Jonkers RE, Aleva RM, Kullberg BJ, et al. SWAB\/NVALT (dutch working party on antibiotic policy and dutch association of chest physicians) guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Neth J Med. 2012;70(2):90\u2013101 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22418758\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"3630_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJM, Hak E, Schneider MME, Hoepelman IM. How good is the evidence for the recommended empirical antimicrobial treatment of patients hospitalized because of community-acquired pneumonia? A systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;52(4):555\u201363. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/jac.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/52\/4\/555\n                    \n                   [cited 23 Nov 2015].","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg413"},{"issue":"1","key":"3630_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.11.005","volume":"27","author":"TM File","year":"2013","unstructured":"File TM, Marrie TJ. Does empiric therapy for atypical pathogens improve outcomes for patients with CAP? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013;27(1):99\u2013114 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0891552012001213\n                    \n                   [cited 24 Nov 2015].","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"20","key":"3630_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003833","volume":"366","author":"WA Ray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1881\u201390 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3374857&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"3630_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.4304","volume":"311","author":"EM Mortensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mortensen EM, Halm EA, Pugh MJ, Copeland LA, Metersky M, Fine MJ, et al. Association of azithromycin with mortality and cardiovascular events among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia. JAMA. 2014;311(21):2199\u2013208 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24893087\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3630_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f1235","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1235","volume":"346","author":"S Schembri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schembri S, Williamson PA, Short PM, Singanayagam A, Akram A, Taylor J, et al. Cardiovascular events after clarithromycin use in lower respiratory tract infections: analysis of two prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;346:f1235 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23525864\n                    \n                   [cited 14 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"3630_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040582","volume":"351","author":"WA Ray","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Hall K, Stein CM. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(11):1089\u201396 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15356306\n                    \n                   [cited 14 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3630_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu914","volume":"60","author":"H-W Chou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chou H-W, Wang J-L, Chang C-H, Lai C-L, Lai M-S, Chan KA. Risks of Cardiac Arrhythmia and Mortality Among Patients Using New-Generation Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, and \u03b2-Lactam\/\u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitors: A Taiwanese Nationwide Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(4):566\u201377 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/cid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/60\/4\/566.full?etoc\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"3630_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300799","volume":"368","author":"H Svanstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Svanstr\u00f6m H, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of azithromycin and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(18):1704\u201312 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23635050\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3630_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis664","volume":"55","author":"F Lapi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lapi F, Wilchesky M, Kezouh A, Benisty JI, Ernst P, Suissa S. Fluoroquinolones and the risk of serious arrhythmia: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(11):1457\u201365 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22865870\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3630_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4887","volume":"174","author":"N Garin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garin N, Genn\u00e9 D, Carballo S, Chuard C, Eich G, Hugli O, et al. \u03b2-Lactam monotherapy vs \u03b2-lactam-macrolide combination treatment in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1894\u2013901 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25286173\n                    \n                   [cited 27 Aug 2015].","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"3630_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postma DF, Van Werkhoven CH, Van Elden LJR, Thijsen SFT, Hoepelman AIM, Kluytmans JAJW, et al. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(14):1312-23.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406330"},{"issue":"3","key":"3630_CR15","first-page":"170","volume":"72","author":"CH Werkhoven van","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Werkhoven CH, Postma DF, Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJM. Antibiotic treatment of moderate-severe community-acquired pneumonia: design and rationale of a multicentre cluster-randomised cross-over trial. Neth J Med. 2014;72(3):170\u20138 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24846935\n                    \n                   [cited 2015 Mar 13].","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3630_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040766","volume":"125","author":"VF Corrales-Medina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corrales-Medina VF, Musher DM, Wells GA, Chirinos JA, Chen L, Fine MJ. Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortality. Circulation. 2012;125(6):773\u201381 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22219349\n                    \n                   [cited 1 Mar 2015].","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3630_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr213","volume":"41","author":"PK Andersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andersen PK, Geskus RB. De witte T, putter H. competing risks in epidemiology: possibilities and pitfalls. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(3):861\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3630_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496\u2013509 Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144"},{"key":"3630_CR19","unstructured":"Team RDC. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, vol. 1: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2011. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.r-project.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"3630_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12054","volume":"32","author":"E Abo-Salem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abo-Salem E, Fowler JC, Attari M, Cox CD, Perez-Verdia A, Panikkath R, et al. Antibiotic-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;32(1):19\u201325 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24428853\n                    \n                   [cited 30 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"1176\u20133450 (Prin","key":"3630_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2165\/00151829-200605060-00009","volume":"5","author":"GG Zhanel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhanel GG, Fontaine S, Adam H, Schurek K, Mayer M, Noreddin AM, et al. A Review of New Fluoroquinolones : Focus on their Use in Respiratory Tract Infections. Treat Respir Med. 2006;5(1176\u20133450 (Print)):437\u201365.","journal-title":"Treat Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3630_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1086\/508873","volume":"43","author":"EJC Goldstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldstein EJC, Owens RC, Nolin TD. Antimicrobial-Associated QT Interval Prolongation: Pointes of Interest. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(12):1603\u201311 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17109296\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3630_CR23","first-page":"631","volume":"65","author":"D Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo D, Cai Y, Chai D, Liang B, Bai N, Wang R. The cardiotoxicity of macrolides: a systematic review. Pharmazie. 2010;65(9):631\u201340 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21038838\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"issue":"1","key":"3630_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh519","volume":"55","author":"GW Amsden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amsden GW. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides\u2014an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(1):10\u201321 Epub 2004 Dec 8.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"3630_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118000610","volume":"132","author":"B Ersoy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ersoy B, Aktan B, Kilic K, Sakat MS, Sipal S. The anti-inflammatory effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on histamine-induced otitis media with effusion in Guinea pigs. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(7):579\u201383.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"18","key":"3630_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1452","volume":"279","author":"EA Halm","year":"1998","unstructured":"Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, Coley CM, Kapoor WN, Obrosky DS, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA. 1998;279(18):1452\u20137 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9600479\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"3630_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.02.007","volume":"108","author":"K Takada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takada K, Matsumoto S, Kojima E, Iwata S, Ninomiya K, Tanaka K, et al. Predictors and impact of time to clinical stability in community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Respir Med. 2014;108(5):806\u201312 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24589380\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3630_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.2.277","volume":"161","author":"AE Smith Sehdev","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith Sehdev AE, Hutchins GM. Problems with proper completion and accuracy of the cause-of-death statement. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):277\u201384 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11176744\n                    \n                   [cited 29 Sep 2015].","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T19:07:01Z","timestamp":1578337621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3630-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/108407","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Data collection for the current analysis was approved by the ethics review board of the University Medical Center Utrecht with a waiver for additional informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CHvW reports consultation fees, presentation fees, and thesis print support from Pfizer. MJMB reports research grants and an educations grant from Pfizer, paid to institution. Other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"17"}}