{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:08:29Z","timestamp":1788930509508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T07:05:19Z","timestamp":1549868719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mortality in the first six months among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients empirically treated for tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0302-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Huerga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Ferlazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Wanjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Ardizzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sitienei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryline","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3775_CR1","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2016","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global Tuberculosis Report 2016; 2016. p. 214. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/250441\/1\/9789241565394-eng.pdf?ua=1\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 20]"},{"key":"3775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055824","volume":"8","author":"A Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta A, Wood R, Kaplan R, Bekker LG, Lawn SD. Prevalent and Incident Tuberculosis Are Independent Risk Factors for Mortality among Patients Accessing Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa. Polis MA, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55824 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0055824\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 20].","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000802","volume":"29","author":"RK Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta RK, Lucas SB, Fielding KL, Lawn SD. Prevalence of tuberculosis in post-mortem studies of HIV-infected adults and children in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2015;29:1987\u20132002 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4568896&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Apr 11].","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3775_CR4","volume-title":"Policy statement: automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB\/RIF system","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Policy statement: automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB\/RIF system. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2011."},{"key":"3775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60438-8","volume":"377","author":"CC Boehme","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boehme CC, Nicol MP, Nabeta P, Michael JS, Gotuzzo E, Tahirli R, et al. Feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and effectiveness of decentralised use of the Xpert MTB\/RIF test for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistance: a multicentre implementation study. Lancet. 2011;377:1495\u2013505 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3085933&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2012 Jul 13].","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert H, Nathavitharana RR, Isaacs C, Pai M, Denkinger CM, Boehme CC. Development, roll-out and impact of Xpert MTB\/RIF for tuberculosis: What lessons have we learnt and how can we do better? Eur Respir J. 2016:516\u201325 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.00543-2016\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Nov 24].","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00543-2016"},{"key":"3775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30691-6","volume":"18","author":"SE Dorman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018;18:76\u201384 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29198911\n                    \n                  . [cited 2018 Sep 24].","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18502","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018502","volume":"6","author":"O Koole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koole O, Thai S, Khun KE, Pe R, van Griensven J, Apers L, et al. Evaluation of the 2007 WHO guideline to improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis in ambulatory HIV-positive adults. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18502 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3071837&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2012 Jul 21].","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walley J, Kunutsor S, Evans M, Thoulass J, Katabira E, Muchuro S, et al. Validation in Uganda of the New WHO Diagnostic Algorithm for Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Prevalent Settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;15;57(5):e93\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182243a8c"},{"key":"3775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051336","volume":"7","author":"H Huerga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huerga H, Varaine F, Okwaro E, Bastard M, Ardizzoni E, Sitienei J, et al. Performance of the 2007 WHO algorithm to diagnose smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a HIV prevalent setting. PLoS One. 2012;7:e51336 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3526594&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2014 May 15].","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, Pai M, Boehme CC, Dendukuri N. Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. In: Steingart KR, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; Available from: \n                    http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009593.pub3\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Nov 15].","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009593.pub3"},{"key":"3775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-507","volume":"13","author":"S Walusimbi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walusimbi S, Bwanga F, De Costa A, Haile M, Joloba M, Hoffner S. Meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of GeneXpert, MODS and the WHO 2007 algorithm for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:507 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3833313&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Mar 3].","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theron G, Peter J, Dowdy D, Langley I, Squire SB, Dheda K. Do high rates of empirical treatment undermine the potential effect of new diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in high-burden settings? Lancet Infect Dis. 2014:527\u201332. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24438820\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Mar 10].","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70360-8"},{"key":"3775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62073-5","volume":"383","author":"G Theron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theron G, Zijenah L, Chanda D, Clowes P, Rachow A, Lesosky M, et al. Feasibility, accuracy, and clinical effect of point-of-care Xpert MTB\/RIF testing for tuberculosis in primary-care settings in Africa: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:424\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001760","volume":"11","author":"HS Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox HS, Mbhele S, Mohess N, Whitelaw A, Muller O, Zemanay W, et al. Impact of Xpert MTB\/RIF for TB diagnosis in a primary care clinic with high TB and HIV prevalence in South Africa: a pragmatic randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001760 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4244039&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Feb 29].","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001766","volume":"11","author":"B Durovni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Durovni B, Saraceni V, van den Hof S, Trajman A, Cordeiro-Santos M, Cavalcante S, et al. Impact of replacing smear microscopy with Xpert MTB\/RIF for diagnosing tuberculosis in Brazil: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001766 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4260794&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Feb 29].","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00100-X","volume":"3","author":"GJ Churchyard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Churchyard GJ, Stevens WS, Mametja LD, McCarthy KM, Chihota V, Nicol MP, et al. Xpert MTB\/RIF versus sputum microscopy as the initial diagnostic test for tuberculosis: A cluster-randomised trial embedded in South African roll-out of Xpert MTB\/RIF. Lancet Glob. Heal. 2015;3:e450\u20137 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214109X1500100X\n                    \n                  . [cited 2016 Nov 24].","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Heal"},{"key":"3775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000917","volume":"72","author":"W Katagira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katagira W, Walter ND, den Boon S, Kalema N, Ayakaka I, Vittinghoff E, et al. Empiric TB treatment of severely ill patients with HIV and presumed pulmonary TB improves survival. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:1 Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5108656\/pdf\/nihms-760721.pdf\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 20].","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"3775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00546-8","volume":"387","author":"MC Hosseinipour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hosseinipour MC, Bisson GP, Miyahara S, Sun X, Moses A, Riviere C, et al. Empiric Tuberculosis Therapy versus Isoniazid in Advanced HIV- infected Adult Outpatients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy: a Multi-Country Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1198\u2013209 Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4931281\/pdf\/nihms796285.pdf\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 14].","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lui G, Wong RY, Li F, Lee MK, Lai RW, Li TC, Kam JK, Lee N. High mortality in adults hospitalized for active tuberculosis in a low HIV prevalence setting. PLoS One. 2014;18;9(3):e92077.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077"},{"key":"3775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2534-2","volume":"17","author":"SM Hermans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hermans SM, Babirye JA, Mbabazi O, Kakooza F, Colebunders R, Castelnuovo B, et al. Treatment decisions and mortality in HIV-positive presumptive smear-negative TB in the Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF era: a cohort study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2017;17:433 Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5473987\/pdf\/12879_2017_Article_2534.pdf\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 20].","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"3775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0153","volume":"18","author":"A Rie Van","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Rie A, Westreich D, Sanne I. Impact of three empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies for people initiating antiretroviral therapy. Int J Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2014;18:1340\u20136 Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5022588\/pdf\/nihms814077.pdf\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 14].","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc. Lung Dis"},{"key":"3775_CR23","volume-title":"Added value of including Xpert MTB\/RIF in an algorithm to diagnose smear-negative tuberculosis in a HIV prevalent resource-constraint setting. Union world Conf. Lung heal","author":"H Huerga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huerga H, Ferlazzo G, Bevilacqua P, Kirubi B, Oduor E, Ardizzoni E, et al. Added value of including Xpert MTB\/RIF in an algorithm to diagnose smear-negative tuberculosis in a HIV prevalent resource-constraint setting. Union world Conf. Lung heal. Paris: Unoin World Conference; 2014."},{"key":"3775_CR24","volume-title":"Annual Report 2014","author":"National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Diseases Program","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Diseases Program. Annual Report 2014. Nairobi: National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Diseases Program; 2014."},{"key":"3775_CR25","volume-title":"Kenya HIV estimates","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Kenya HIV estimates. Nairobi: Ministry of Health; 2014."},{"key":"3775_CR26","volume-title":"Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis among adults and adolescents. Recommendations for HIV-prevalent and resource-constrained settings","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis among adults and adolescents. Recommendations for HIV-prevalent and resource-constrained settings. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2007. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2007\/WHO_HTM_TB_2007.379_eng.pdf"},{"key":"3775_CR27","first-page":"138","volume":"3","author":"GI Mejia","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mejia GI, Castrillon L, Trujillo H, Robledo JA. Microcolony detection in 7H11 thin layer culture is an alternative for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:138\u201342 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10091879\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"3775_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Xpert MTB\/RIF implementation manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. p. 1. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/112469\/9789241506700_eng.pdf?sequence=1\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"3775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-289","volume":"14","author":"AM FPM de","year":"2014","unstructured":"de FPM AM, Coimbra I, d\u2019Arc BJ, Maruza M, RAA X, Lacerda HR, et al. Empirical treatment for TB in HIV: lessons from a cohort study of people living with HIV treated in Recife, Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:289 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24679187\n                    \n                  . [cited 2017 Jul 14].","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3775_CR30","first-page":"287","volume":"15","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Ayles H, Egwaga S, Williams B, Mukadi YD, Santos Filho ED, et al. Potential utility of empirical tuberculosis treatment for HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency in high TB-HIV burden settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:287\u201395 Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21333094\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"3775_CR31","unstructured":"Blanc F-X, Badje AD, Bonnet M, Gabillard D, Messou E, Muzoora C, et al. Systematic vs test-guided tuberculosis treatment: data of the statis randomized trial. In: CROI, editor. Conf. Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. Boston; 2018. p. Abstract N\u00b03612."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T19:08:01Z","timestamp":1581361681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3775-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the KEMRI\/Scientific and Ethics Review Committee in Kenya and the Comit\u00e9 de Protection des Personnes (CPP), Saint Germain en Laye, France. Written consent for study participation was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Some authors (GF, SW, PB, EA) were employed by the M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, sponsor of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"132"}}