{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:55:33Z","timestamp":1789239333469,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF- 2017M3A9E8033225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2017M3A9E8033225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea Grant","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":[". NRF 2017R1C1B5017879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[". NRF 2017R1C1B5017879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["HURF-2017-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF-2017-20"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002507","name":"Kangwon National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018 Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T08:04:26Z","timestamp":1550045066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Levels of vitamin D-associated cytokines distinguish between active and latent tuberculosis following a tuberculosis outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yoonki","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Goo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Youl","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youlim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongwon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon-Sook","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3798_CR1","volume-title":"TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2017. In","author":"GLOBAL","year":"2017","unstructured":"GLOBAL. TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2017. In. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"3798_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.12.023","volume":"103","author":"J Gubatan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gubatan J, Mitsuhashi S, Longhi MS, Zenlea T, Rosenberg L, Robson S, Moss AC. Higher serum vitamin D levels are associated with protective serum cytokine profiles in patients with ulcerative colitis. Cytokine. 2018;103:38\u201345.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"11","key":"3798_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422901108","volume":"229","author":"MT Cantorna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229(11):1136\u201342.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3798_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00195.x","volume":"67","author":"P Chocano-Bedoya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chocano-Bedoya P, Ronnenberg AG. Vitamin D and tuberculosis. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(5):289\u201393.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"3798_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.04.003","volume":"16","author":"AP Ralph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ralph AP, Kelly PM, Anstey NM. L-arginine and vitamin D: novel adjunctive immunotherapies in tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol. 2008;16(7):336\u201344.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3798_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","volume":"19","author":"AF Gombart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 2005;19(9):1067\u201377.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"11","key":"3798_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01497.x","volume":"12","author":"DM Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shin DM, Yuk JM, Lee HM, Lee SH, Son JW, Harding CV, Kim JM, Modlin RL, Jo EK. Mycobacterial lipoprotein activates autophagy via TLR2\/1\/CD14 and a functional vitamin D receptor signalling. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12(11):1648\u201365.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3798_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.754","volume":"83","author":"SS Schleithoff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(4):754\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"3798_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.07.013","volume":"16","author":"JY Hong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong JY, Jung GS, Kim H, Kim YM, Lee HJ, Cho SN, Kim SK, Chang J, Kang YA. Efficacy of inducible protein 10 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(12):e855\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3798_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064226","volume":"8","author":"NN Chegou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chegou NN, Detjen AK, Thiart L, Walters E, Mandalakas AM, Hesseling AC, Walzl G. Utility of host markers detected in Quantiferon supernatants for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children in a high-burden setting. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64226.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3798_CR11","first-page":"281","volume":"74","author":"EJ Won","year":"2017","unstructured":"Won EJ, Choi JH, Cho YN, Jin HM, Kee HJ, Park YW, Kwon YS, Kee SJ. Biomarkers for discrimination between latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis disease. J Inf Secur. 2017;74(3):281\u201393.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"3798_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.06.001","volume":"31","author":"M Patidar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patidar M, Yadav N, Dalai SK. Interleukin 15: a key cytokine for immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016;31:49\u201359.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3798_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.12.003","volume":"91","author":"SS Pydi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pydi SS, Bandaru AR, Venkatasubramanian S, Jonnalagada S, Valluri VL. Vaccine for tuberculosis: up-regulation of IL-15 by Ag85A and not by ESAT-6. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011;91(2):136\u20139.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3798_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535290","volume":"36","author":"A Rausch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rausch A, Hessmann M, Holscher A, Schreiber T, Bulfone-Paus S, Ehlers S, Holscher C. Interleukin-15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: a role for NKG2D-dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36(5):1156\u201367.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3798_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7115","volume":"181","author":"SR Krutzik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krutzik SR, Hewison M, Liu PT, Robles JA, Stenger S, Adams JS, Modlin RL. IL-15 links TLR2\/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):7115\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3798_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.06.013","volume":"76","author":"X Bai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bai X, Dinarello CA, Chan ED. The role of interleukin-32 against tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2015;76(2):585\u20137.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"250","key":"3798_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250ra114","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009546","volume":"6","author":"D Montoya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montoya D, Inkeles MS, Liu PT, Realegeno S, Teles RM, Vaidya P, Munoz MA, Schenk M, Swindell WR, Chun R, et al. IL-32 is a molecular marker of a host defense network in human tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(250):250ra114.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3798_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2012.11.001","volume":"2","author":"D Eklund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eklund D, Persson HL, Larsson M, Welin A, Idh J, Paues J, Fransson SG, Stendahl O, Schon T, Lerm M. Vitamin D enhances IL-1beta secretion and restricts growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages from TB patients. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2013;2(1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"3798_CR19","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.cdc.go.kr\/CDC\/eng\/contents\/CdcEngContentView.jsp?cid=74227&menuIds=HOME002-MNU0576-MNU0582"},{"key":"3798_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go U, Park M, Kim U-N, Lee S, Han S, Lee J, Yang J, Kim J, Park S, Kim Y. Tuberculosis prevention and care in Korea: evolution of policy and practice. J Clin Tubercul Mycobacter Dis. 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2018.04.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"3798_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1513","volume":"137","author":"SW Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee SW, Jang YS, Park CM, Kang HY, Koh WJ, Yim JJ, Jeon K. The role of chest CT scanning in TB outbreak investigation. Chest. 2010;137(5):1057\u201364.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3798_CR22","volume-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for National Programmes","author":"Organization WH","year":"2003","unstructured":"Organization WH. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for National Programmes. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"3798_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0536","volume":"18","author":"JY Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong JY, Kim SY, Chung KS, Kim EY, Jung JY, Park MS, Kim YS, Kim SK, Chang J, Kang YA. Association between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis in a Korean population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(1):73\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"3798_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo MH, Han MA, Park SM, Shin HH. Vitamin D deficiency among adults with history of pulmonary tuberculosis in Korea based on a Nationwide survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040399"},{"key":"3798_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-306","volume":"10","author":"LT Ho-Pham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DH, Bui PK, Nguyen VN, Nguyen TV. Association between vitamin D insufficiency and tuberculosis in a Vietnamese population. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:306.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3798_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1376","volume":"86","author":"C Wejse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wejse C, Olesen R, Rabna P, Kaestel P, Gustafson P, Aaby P, Andersen PL, Glerup H, Sodemann M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a west African population of tuberculosis patients and unmatched healthy controls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(5):1376\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"3798_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002386","volume":"143","author":"A Arnedo-Pena","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdan JV, Romeu-Garcia MA, Garcia-Ferrer D, Holguin-Gomez R, Iborra-Millet J, Pardo-Serrano F. Vitamin D status and incidence of tuberculosis infection conversion in contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(8):1731\u201341.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"3798_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175400","volume":"12","author":"ME Balcells","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balcells ME, Garcia P, Tiznado C, Villarroel L, Scioscia N, Carvajal C, Zegna-Rata F, Hernandez M, Meza P, Gonzalez LF, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency, season of the year, and latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175400.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3798_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2013.09.036","volume":"144","author":"E Esteve Palau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Esteve Palau E, Sanchez Martinez F, Knobel Freud H, Lopez Colomes JL, Diez Perez A. Tuberculosis: plasma levels of vitamin D and its relation with infection and disease. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;144(3):111\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3798_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003407","volume":"9","author":"M Verway","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verway M, Bouttier M, Wang TT, Carrier M, Calderon M, An BS, Devemy E, McIntosh F, Divangahi M, Behr MA, et al. Vitamin D induces interleukin-1beta expression: paracrine macrophage epithelial signaling controls M. Tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(6):e1003407.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"3798_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.02.003","volume":"81","author":"S Chandrashekara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chandrashekara S, Anupama KR, Sambarey A, Chandra N. High IL-6 and low IL-15 levels mark the presence of TB infection: a preliminary study. Cytokine. 2016;81:57\u201362.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3798_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.1.14","volume":"97","author":"TA Fehniger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA. Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease. Blood. 2001;97(1):14\u201332.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"17","key":"3798_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506180103","volume":"103","author":"CL Combe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Combe CL, Moretto MM, Schwartzman JD, Gigley JP, Bzik DJ, Khan IA. Lack of IL-15 results in the suboptimal priming of CD4+ T cell response against an intracellular parasite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(17):6635\u201340.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"3798_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2011.02.006","volume":"91","author":"M Frahm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frahm M, Goswami ND, Owzar K, Hecker E, Mosher A, Cadogan E, Nahid P, Ferrari G, Stout JE. Discriminating between latent and active tuberculosis with multiple biomarker responses. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011;91(3):250\u20136.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"45","key":"3798_CR35","first-page":"7292","volume":"6","author":"F Bao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bao F, Wen X, Liu A, Dai X, Zhao Q, Wang Y. Lu S: elevated levels of serum IL-32 in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(45):7292\u20134.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"3798_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424302112","volume":"112","author":"X Bai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bai X, Shang S, Henao-Tamayo M, Basaraba RJ, Ovrutsky AR, Matsuda JL, Takeda K, Chan MM, Dakhama A, Kinney WH, et al. Human IL-32 expression protects mice against a hypervirulent strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(16):5111\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"3798_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901913","volume":"184","author":"X Bai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bai X, Kim SH, Azam T, McGibney MT, Huang H, Dinarello CA, Chan ED. IL-32 is a host protective cytokine against mycobacterium tuberculosis in differentiated THP-1 human macrophages. J Immunol. 2010;184(7):3830\u201340.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3798_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163848","volume":"11","author":"I Wergeland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wergeland I, Assmus J, Dyrhol-Riise AM. Cytokine patterns in tuberculosis infection; IL-1ra, IL-2 and IP-10 differentiate borderline QuantiFERON-TB samples from uninfected controls. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163848.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T19:05:22Z","timestamp":1581534322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3798-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital. All participants provided written informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"151"}}