{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:39:58Z","timestamp":1792741198088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T09:04:50Z","timestamp":1550826290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effects of the rotavirus vaccine program across age groups in the United States: analysis of national claims data, 2001\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7872-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Cubilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh D.","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Lopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3816_CR1","unstructured":"International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC). VIEW-hub Report: Global Vaccine Introduction and Implementation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"3816_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3528","volume":"124","author":"JE Tate","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tate JE, Panozzo CA, Payne DC, Patel MM, Cortese MM, Fowlkes AL, et al. Decline and change in seasonality of US rotavirus activity after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine. PEDIATRICS. 2009;124(2):465\u201371.","journal-title":"PEDIATRICS."},{"issue":"RR-12","key":"3816_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"UD Parashar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parashar UD, Alexander JP, Glass RI. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-12):1\u201313.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"3816_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000215234.91997.21","volume":"25","author":"MD Charles","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charles MD, Holman RC, Curns AT, Parashar UD, Glass RI, Bresee JS. Hospitalizations Associated With Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in the United States, 1993\u20132002. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(6):489\u201393.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3816_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31828d639c","volume":"32","author":"JE Tate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tate JE, Haynes A, Payne DC, Cortese MM, Lopman BA, Patel MM, et al. Trends in National Rotavirus Activity Before and After Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine into the National Immunization Program in the United States, 2000 to 2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(7):741\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"22","key":"3816_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.5571","volume":"313","author":"E Leshem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leshem E, Tate JE, Steiner CA, Curns AT, Lopman BA, Parashar UD. Acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations among US children following implementation of the rotavirus vaccine. JAMA. 2015;313(22):2282.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"12","key":"3816_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001305","volume":"35","author":"M Hemming-Harlo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hemming-Harlo M, Markkula J, Huhti L, Salminen M, Vesikari T. Decrease of rotavirus gastroenteritis to a low level without resurgence for five years after universal RotaTeq vaccination in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(12):1304\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"3816_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabbe M, Berger N, Blommaert A, Ogunjimi B, Grammens T, Callens M, et al. Sustained low rotavirus activity and hospitalisation rates in the post-vaccination era in Belgium, 2007 to 2014. Eurosurveillance. 2016 [cited 2018 Jul 16];21(27). Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27418466","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30273"},{"issue":"6","key":"3816_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.099","volume":"31","author":"S Jayasinghe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayasinghe S, Macartney K. Estimating rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalisations by using hospital episode statistics before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Australia. Vaccine. 2013;31(6):967\u201372.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"3","key":"3816_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.877846","volume":"13","author":"B Rha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rha B, Tate JE, Payne DC, Cortese MM, Lopman BA, Curns AT, et al. Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in the United States \u2013 2006\u20132012. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13(3):365\u201376.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"issue":"7","key":"3816_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1489724","volume":"17","author":"T Pindyck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pindyck T, Tate JE, Parashar UD. A decade of experience with rotavirus vaccination in the United States \u2013 vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(7):593\u2013606.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"3816_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0860","volume":"115","author":"VP Hsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsu VP, Staat MA, Roberts N, Thieman C, Bernstein DI, Bresee J, et al. Use of active surveillance to validate International Classification of Diseases code estimates of rotavirus hospitalizations in children. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):78\u201382.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"10","key":"3816_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31812e52fd","volume":"26","author":"MM Patel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patel MM, Tate JE, Selvarangan R, Daskalaki I, Jackson MA, Curns AT, et al. Routine Laboratory Testing Data for Surveillance of Rotavirus Hospitalizations to Evaluate the Impact of Vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(10):914\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3816_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir492","volume":"204","author":"BA Lopman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lopman BA, Curns AT, Yen C, Parashar UD. Infant rotavirus vaccination may provide indirect protection to older children and adults in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(7):980\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"3816_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009196","volume":"146","author":"ME Halloran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Halloran ME, Struchiner CJ, Longini IM. Study designs for evaluating different efficacy and effectiveness aspects of vaccines. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(10):789\u2013803.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"3816_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16<2101::AID-SIM178>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"18","author":"M Haber","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haber M. Estimation of the direct and indirect effects of vaccination. Stat Med. 1999;18(16):2101\u20139.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3816_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/13.1.87","volume":"13","author":"PG Smith","year":"1984","unstructured":"Smith PG, Rodrigues LC, Fine PE. Assessment of the protective efficacy of vaccines against common diseases using case-control and cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 1984;13(1):87\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3816_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000571","volume":"28","author":"E Goldstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldstein E, Pitzer VE, O\u2019Hagan JJ, Lipsitch M. Temporally varying relative risks for infectious diseases: implications for infectious disease control. Epidemiology. 2017;28(1):136\u201344.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"7","key":"3816_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu001","volume":"179","author":"CA Panozzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panozzo CA, Becker-Dreps S, Pate V, Weber DJ, Jonsson Funk M, Sturmer T, et al. Direct, indirect, Total, and overall effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccines for the prevention of gastroenteritis hospitalizations in privately insured US children, 2007-2010. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(7):895\u2013909.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3816_CR20","unstructured":"Hansen LG. Health Research Data for the Real World: The Marketscan Databases [Internet]. Truven Health Analytics; 2011 [cited 2018 Aug 16]. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/truvenhealth.com\/portals\/0\/assets\/PH_11238_0612_TEMP_MarketScan_WP_FINAL.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3816_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3849","volume":"134","author":"E Leshem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leshem E, Moritz RE, Curns AT, Zhou F, Tate JE, Lopman BA, et al. Rotavirus vaccines and health care utilization for diarrhea in the United States (2007-2011). Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):15\u201323.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"3816_CR22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. The Recommended Immunization Schedules for Psersons Aged 0 Through 18 Years, United States, 2016 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jan 17]. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/schedules\/downloads\/past\/2016-child.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"3816_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir307","volume":"53","author":"DC Payne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Payne DC, Staat MA, Edwards KM, Szilagyi PG, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, et al. Direct and indirect effects of rotavirus vaccination upon childhood hospitalizations in 3 US counties, 2006-2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(3):245\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3816_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000446","volume":"365","author":"JE Cortes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cortes JE, Curns AT, Tate JE, Cortese MM, Patel MM, Zhou F, et al. Rotavirus vaccine and health care utilization for diarrhea in U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1108\u201317.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3816_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker JM, Tate JE, Steiner CA, Haber MJ, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. Longer-term direct and indirect effects of infant rotavirus vaccination across all ages in the US; 2000\u20132013: analysis of a large hospital discharge dataset. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Jul 19]; Available from: \n                    https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy580\/5055445","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy580"},{"key":"3816_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, Mikolajczyk R, et al. Social Contacts and Mixing Patterns Relevant to the Spread of Infectious Diseases. Riley S, editor. PLoS Med. 2008 Mar 25;5(3):e74.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074"},{"issue":"1600","key":"3816_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3604","volume":"273","author":"NC Grassly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grassly NC, Fraser C. Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2006;273(1600):2541\u201350.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"3816_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitzer VE, Atkins KE, de Blasio BF, Van Effelterre T, Atchison CJ, Harris JP, et al. Direct and Indirect Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination: Comparing Predictions from Transmission Dynamic Models. Roberts MG, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(8):e42320.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042320"},{"issue":"5938","key":"3816_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172330","volume":"325","author":"VE Pitzer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Steiner C, Panozzo CA, Alonso WJ, et al. Demographic variability, vaccination, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of rotavirus epidemics. Science. 2009;325(5938):290\u20134.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"18","key":"3816_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.060","volume":"28","author":"C Atchison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atchison C, Lopman B, Edmunds WJ. Modelling the seasonality of rotavirus disease and the impact of vaccination in England and Wales. Vaccine. 2010;28(18):3118\u201326.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"2","key":"3816_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00928-4","volume":"4","author":"EJ Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson EJ, Weber SG. Rotavirus infection in adults. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(2):91\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"43","key":"3816_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6643a3","volume":"66","author":"HA Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Kang Y. Vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2014 United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(43):1171\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3816_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw233","volume":"214","author":"MD Bowen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowen MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Teel EN, Gautam R, Sturgeon M, et al. Rotavirus strain trends during the Postlicensure vaccine era: United States, 2008\u20132013. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(5):732\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"3816_CR34","first-page":"337","volume":"64","author":"N Aliabadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aliabadi N, Tate JE, Haynes AK, Parashar UD. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sustained decrease in laboratory detection of rotavirus after implementation of routine vaccination\u2014United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(13):337\u201342.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3816_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130461","volume":"19","author":"JE Tate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tate JE, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Tam KI, Lyde FC, Payne DC, Szilagyi P, et al. Comparison of 2 assays for diagnosing rotavirus and evaluating vaccine effectiveness in children with gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1245\u201352.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"39","key":"3816_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6539a4","volume":"65","author":"HA Hill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Dietz V. Vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201335 months \u2014 United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(39):1065\u201371.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T19:07:53Z","timestamp":1582312073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3816-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study involved de-identified, aggregate data and was not subject to Institutional Review Board approval at Emory University or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"BAL has received personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceuticals for service on their Norovirus Advisory Board outside the submitted work. JMB, RMD, JC and UDP have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"186"}}