{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:01:32Z","timestamp":1779174092201,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T09:56:25Z","timestamp":1558518985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Molecular evidence supports the expansion of visceral leishmaniasis towards non-program districts of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mitesh","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Medha","family":"Khatri-Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram Chandra","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam Prakash","family":"Dumre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna Das","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basu Dev","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sher Bahadur","family":"Pun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra AK, Mawson AR. Neglected tropical diseases: epidemiology and global burden. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2017;2:36.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030036"},{"key":"4083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hct116","volume":"107","author":"B McGwire","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGwire B, Satoskar A. Leishmaniasis: clinical syndromes and treatment. QJM. 2014;107:7\u201314.","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"4083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.05.008","volume":"25","author":"M Bailey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bailey M, Lockwood D. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:203\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"4083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.047340corr1","volume":"83","author":"T Piscopo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Piscopo T, Mallia Azzopardi C. Leishmaniasis. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83:649\u201357.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"Pt_2","key":"4083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.076695-0","volume":"64","author":"N. P. Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar NP, Srinivasan R, Anish TS, Nandakumar G, Jambulingam P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the tribal population of the Agasthyamala biosphere reserve forest, Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64:157\u201363.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"4083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliou MG, Antoniou Y, Antoniou M, Christodoulou V, Mazeris A, Soteriades ES. A cluster of four cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania donovani in Cyprus: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:354.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-354"},{"key":"4083_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization Leishmaniasis. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs375\/en\/\n                    \n                  . Leishmaniasis Fact sheet No375. 2015."},{"key":"4083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galgamuwa LS, Dharmaratne SD, Iddawela D. Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal variations from 2009 to 2016. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:60.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2647-5"},{"key":"4083_CR9","unstructured":"Department of Health Services (DoHS). Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. DoHS Annual Report, 2011\/12 to 2016\/17, Kathmandu, Nepal."},{"key":"4083_CR10","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and population. National Strategic Guideline on kala-azar elimination program in Nepal. 2014."},{"key":"4083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5887-6","volume":"117","author":"M Shrestha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shrestha M, Pandey B, Maharjan J, Dumre S, Tiwari P, Manandhar K, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis from a non-endemic Himalayan region of Nepal. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:2223\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0291","volume":"84","author":"BD Pandey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pandey BD, Pun SB, Kaneko O, Pandey K, report HKC. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis to the western hilly part of Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(1):107\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"2","key":"4083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0502","volume":"88","author":"SB Pun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pun SB, Pandey K, Shah R. A series of case reports of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis, mostly in non-endemic hilly areas of Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):227\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4083_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003966","volume":"9","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ostyn B, Uranw S, Bhattarai NR, Das ML, Rai K, Tersago K, et al. Transmission of Leishmania donovani in the hills of eastern Nepal, an outbreak investigation in Okhaldhunga and Bhojpur districts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(8):e0003966.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2877-2881.1998","volume":"36","author":"HA Noyes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Noyes HA, Reyburn H, Bailey JW, Smith D. A nested-PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(10):2877\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02279.x","volume":"14","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boelaert M, Meheus F, Sanchez A, Singh SP, Vanlerberghe V, Picado A, et al. The poorest of the poor: a poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Heal. 2009;14(6):639\u201344.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"issue":"7","key":"4083_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003035","volume":"8","author":"M Dhimal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhimal M, Gautam I, Kre\u00df A, M\u00fcller R, Kuch U. Spatio-temporal distribution of dengue and lymphatic Filariasis vectors along an altitudinal transect in Central Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e3035.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1665","key":"4083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130552","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0552","volume":"370","author":"D. Campbell-Lendrum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy? Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1665).","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"4083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogden N. Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2017;16(19).","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx186"},{"issue":"6","key":"4083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70091-5","volume":"15","author":"JM Medlock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medlock JM, Leach SA. Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):721\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4083_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"370","author":"P Parham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parham P, Waldock J, Christophides G, Michael E. Climate change and vector-borne diseases of humans. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2015;370:1\u20132.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"4083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis716","volume":"55","author":"J Cunningham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cunningham J, Hasker E, Das P, El Safi S, Goto H, Mondal D, et al. A global comparative evaluation of commercial immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):1312\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2680-1","volume":"110","author":"G Srividya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srividya G, Kulshrestha A, Singh R, Salotra P. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(3):1065\u201378.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7580","key":"4083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16042","volume":"528","author":"GF Medley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD, Olliaro PL, Adams ER. Health-seeking behaviour, diagnostics and transmission dynamics in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. Nature. 2015;528(7580):S102\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"11","key":"4083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","volume":"5","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(11):873\u201382.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/239469","volume":"2015","author":"OP Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh OP, Sundar S. Developments in diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in the elimination era. J Parasitol Res. 2015;2015:239649.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.78","volume":"8","author":"S Mondal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mondal S, Bhattacharya P, Ali N. Current diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2010;8(8):919\u201344.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05067-11","volume":"50","author":"MA Salam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salam MA, Khan MGM, Bhaskar KRH, Afrad MH, Huda MM, Mondal D. Peripheral blood buffy coat smear: a promising tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(3):837\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T23:07:40Z","timestamp":1589929660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research work was given an ethical approval by Ethical Review Committee of Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Nepal. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. In the case of minors, consent was given by parents or guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"444"}}