{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T03:30:50Z","timestamp":1648783850342},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a global public health target. Robust, feasible methodologies to measure population level impact of programmes to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) are needed in high HIV prevalence settings. We present a summary of the protocol of the South African PMTCT Evaluation (SAPMTCTE) with its revision over three repeated rounds of the survey, 2010\u20132014.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three cross sectional surveys (2010, 2011\u20132012 and 2012\u20132013) were conducted in 580 primary health care immunisation service points randomly selected after stratified multistage probability proportional to size sampling. All infants aged 4\u20138\u2009weeks receiving their six-week immunisation at a sampled facility on the day of the visit were eligible to participate. Trained research nurses conducted interviews and took infant dried blood spot (iDBS) samples for HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and total nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Interviews were conducted using mobile phones and iDBS were sent to the National Health Laboratory for testing. All findings were adjusted for study design, non-response, and weighted for number of South African live-birth in each study round. In 2012 a national closed cohort of these 4 to 8-week old infants testing EIA positive (HIV Exposed Infants) from the 2012\u20132013 cross-sectional survey was established to estimate longer-term PMTCT impact to 18\u2009months. Follow-up analyses were to estimate weighted cumulative MTCT until 18\u2009months, postnatal MTCT from 6\u2009weeks until 18\u2009months and a combined outcome of MTCT-or-death, using a competing risks model, with death as a competing risk. HIV-free survival was defined as a child surviving and HIV-negative up to 18\u2009months or last visit seen. A weighted cumulative incidence analysis was conducted, adjusting for survey design effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the absence of robust high-quality routine medical recording systems, in the context of a generalised HIV epidemic, national surveys can be used to monitor PMTCT effectiveness; however, monitoring long-term outcomes nationally is difficult due to poor retention in care.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4336-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T08:02:51Z","timestamp":1568620971000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An approach for evaluating early and long term mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) in low and middle income countries: a South African experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Debra J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thu-Ha","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayle G.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameena E.","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4336_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS, Political declaration on HIV and AIDS. 2011. Available from \n                    http:\/\/www.hlm2016aids.unaids.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/2016-political-declaration-HIV-AIDS_en.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR2","unstructured":"UNAIDS, Global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive., UNAIDS, Editor. 2011: Geneva. Available from \n                    http:\/\/files.unaids.org\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/documents\/unaidspublication\/2011\/20110609_JC2137_Global-Plan-Elimination-HIV-Children_en.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR3","volume-title":"2012 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & Herpes Simplex Type-2 Prevalence Survey","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2013","unstructured":"National Department of Health, 2012 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & Herpes Simplex Type-2 Prevalence Survey. 2013. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.health-e.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/ASHIVHerp_Report2014_22May2014.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR4","volume-title":"On the fast track to an AIDS free generation: The incredible journey of the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2016","unstructured":"UNAIDS. On the fast track to an AIDS free generation: The incredible journey of the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2016. Available from \n                    http:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org\/fast-track-aids-free-generation-unaids-2016\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019"},{"key":"4336_CR5","unstructured":"National Department of Health, S.A., Protocol for providing a comprehensive package of care for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in South Africa. HIV-AIDS and TB, Editor. 2001."},{"issue":"1","key":"4336_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.106807","volume":"91","author":"Peter Barron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barron P, Pillay Y, Doherty T, Sherman G, Jackson D, Bhardwaj S, Robinson P, Goga A. Eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa. WHO Bulletin. 2013;91:70\u201374. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.12.106807","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"4336_CR7","volume-title":"Policy and Guidelines for the Implementation of the PMTCT programme","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2008","unstructured":"National Department of Health, Policy and Guidelines for the Implementation of the PMTCT programme. 2008. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.fidssa.co.za\/content\/documents\/pmtct_guidelines.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR8","volume-title":"Clinical Guidelines: PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission)","author":"National Department of Health and SANAC","year":"2010","unstructured":"National Department of Health and SANAC, Clinical Guidelines: PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission). 2010. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.fidssa.co.za\/content\/documents\/pmtct_guidelines.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR9","unstructured":"National Department of Health, The South African Antiretroviral Treatmen Guidelines 2013: PMTCT Guidelines Revised March 2013. Available from \n                    https:\/\/sahivsoc.org\/Files\/2013%20ART%20Treatment%20Guidelines%20Final%2025%20March%202013%20corrected.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR10","volume-title":"National conslidated guidelines for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2015","unstructured":"National Department of Health, National conslidated guidelines for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults. 2015. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.health-e.org.za\/2015\/07\/02\/guidelines-national-consolidated-guidelines-for-pmtct-and-the-management-of-hiv-in-children-adolescents-and-adults\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 7 Aug 2019."},{"key":"4336_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32801424d2","volume":"21","author":"D Jackson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jackson D, et al. Operational effectiveness and 36 week HIV-free survival in the south African programme to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. AIDS. 2007;21:509\u201316.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"4336_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32814db7d4","volume":"21","author":"N Rollins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rollins N, et al. Surveillance of mother-to-child transmission prevention programmes at immunization clinics: the case for universal screening. AIDS. 2007;21:1341\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"4336_CR13","unstructured":"Sherman GG, Lilian R. Early infant diagnosis of HIV infection in South Africa: 2008\u20132010. Available at: \n                    http:\/\/www.nhls.ac.za\/assets\/files\/EID_HIV_PCR_2008-2010.pdf\n                    \n                  . 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(IATT M&E Option B+ Framework)","author":"International agency task team, World Health Organisation, and UNICEF","year":"2015","unstructured":"International agency task team, World Health Organisation, and UNICEF. Monitoring & Evaluation Framework for Antiretroviral Treatment for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Living with HIV and Their Infants. (IATT M&E Option B+ Framework). 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The study was also reviewed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) human subjects procedures, and approved as research. All mothers\/legal caregivers signed informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have reviewed manuscript and approve\/consent to publication. The manuscript was also reviewed and approved by the Associate Director for Science Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, SA & USA and Office of the Associate Director for Health, UNICEF, USA.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"784"}}