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As a last resort in the treatment of gram-negative bacteria infection, resistance to colistin is also a serious problem. The aim of study was to analyze the mechanism of resistance and perform genotyping of carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> from clinical infection and fecal survey samples in Southern China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One hundred seventy and 74 carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> were isolated from clinical infection samples and fecal survey samples, respectively. We detected the related genes, including carbapenemase genes (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>IMP<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SPM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-24\/40-like<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-51-like<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-58-like<\/jats:sub>), colistin resistance-related genes (<jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcr-2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcr-3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcr-4<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mcr-5<\/jats:italic>), a porin gene (<jats:italic>carO<\/jats:italic>), efflux pump genes (<jats:italic>adeA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>adeB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>adeC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>adeI<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>adeJ<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>adeK<\/jats:italic>), mobile genetic element genes (<jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>intI2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>intI3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>tnpU<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>tnp513<\/jats:italic>, IS<jats:italic>26<\/jats:italic>, IS<jats:italic>Aba1<\/jats:italic>, and IS<jats:italic>Aba125<\/jats:italic>), and the integron variable region. Genotyping was analyzed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR and dendrogram cluster analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the 244 carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, the common carbapenemase-positive genes included the following: <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-51-like<\/jats:sub>, 183 (75.00%); <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>, 174 (71.30%); <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>, 57 (23.40%); and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-58-like<\/jats:sub>, 30 (12.30%). The coexistence of <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> in five strains of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>junii<\/jats:italic> was found for the first time. Eleven distinct <jats:italic>carO<\/jats:italic> gene variants were detected in 164 (67.20%) strains, and ten novel variants, which shared 92\u201399% identity with sequences in the Genbank database, were first reported. Efflux system genes were present in approximately 70% of the isolates; <jats:italic>adeABC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>adeIJK<\/jats:italic> were observed in 76.23 and 72.13%, respectively. Class 1 integrons were detected in 180 (73.80%) strains and revealed that four gene cassette arrays contained 11 distinct genes. The genotyping by ERIC-PCR demonstrated a high genetic diversity of <jats:italic>non-baumannii Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, and greater than 90% similarity to <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>baumannii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> gene was identified in up to 77% of the carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> isolated from fecal survey samples, indicating that the gut might be a reservoir of resistant opportunistic bacteria. Intestinal bacteria can be transmitted through the fecal-hand, which is a clinical threat, thus, the monitoring of carbapenem-resistant bacteria from inpatients\u2019 feces should be improved, especially for patients who have been using antibiotics for a long time.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4423-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T15:05:26Z","timestamp":1572275126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. from clinical infection samples and fecal survey samples in Southern China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Si","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonv","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyu","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.02.006","volume":"162","author":"A Nemec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nemec A, Krizova L, Maixnerova M, van der Reijden TJK, Deschaght P, Passet V, Vaneechoutte M, Brisse S, Dijkshoorn L. 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