{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:13:16Z","timestamp":1789024396406,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"Abbvie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BMS","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"Gilead","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"ICT Health Support","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Identification and knowledge of settings with high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is important when aiming for elimination of HCV. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of viremic HCV infection among Swedish prisoners. Secondary aims were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the proportion who have received hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study of all incarcerated persons (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009667) at all prisons (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099) in Stockholm County was conducted. All prisoners are routinely offered opt-in screening for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), HCV RNA, HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and HIV Ag\/Ab at prison in Sweden. Data on the results of these tests and the number of received HBV vaccine doses were collected from the prison medical records. The parameters of HCV RNA, anti-HCV, and occurrence of testing for HCV were analysed in multiple logistic regression models in relation to age, sex and prison security class.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The median age was 35 (IQR 26\u201344) years, and 93.4% were men. Seventy-one percent (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009471) had been tested for anti-HCV, 70% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009465) for HBsAg and 71% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009471) for HIV. The prevalence of anti-HCV, HCV RNA, HBsAg and HIV Ag\/Ab was 17.0, 11.5, 1.9, and 0.2%, respectively among tested persons. The proportion of prisoners who had received full HBV vaccination was 40.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009271) among all study subjects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of viremic HCV infection among Swedish prisoners in Stockholm County was 11.5%, which is high in comparison to the general population. Therefore, when aiming for the WHO goal of HCV elimination, prisons could suit as a platform for identification and treatment of HCV infection. There is a need to increase testing for blood-borne viruses and to improve vaccination coverage against HBV in Swedish prisons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T17:03:13Z","timestamp":1573318993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence of Viremic hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV infection, and vaccination status among prisoners in Stockholm County"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Gahrton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"\u00d6hrn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Dalgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Lidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-H\u00e5kan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karouk","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Sofi","family":"Duberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo","family":"Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"4581_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27831","volume":"34","author":"AJ Freeman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG, Thorpe M, Von Overbeck J, Lloyd AR, Marinos G, Kaldor JM. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2001;34(4 Pt 1):809\u201316.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"4581_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.014","volume":"127","author":"G Fattovich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S35\u201350.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4581_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12247","volume":"21","author":"P Bruggmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruggmann P, Berg T, Ovrehus AL, Moreno C, Brandao Mello CE, Roudot-Thoraval F, Marinho RT, Sherman M, Ryder SD, Sperl J, et al. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(Suppl 1):5\u201333.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3","key":"4581_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30181-9","volume":"2","author":"HCVC Polaris Observatory","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polaris Observatory HCVC. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(3):161\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4581_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01825.x","volume":"103","author":"SM Kamal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamal SM. Acute hepatitis C: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1283\u201397 quiz 1298.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4581_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1334263","volume":"49","author":"M Kaberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaberg M, Hammarberg A, Lidman C, Weiland O. Prevalence of hepatitis C and pre-testing awareness of hepatitis C status in 1500 consecutive PWID participants at the Stockholm needle exchange program. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017;49(10):728\u201336.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"4581_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540903062143","volume":"41","author":"C Lidman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lidman C, Norden L, Kaberg M, Kall K, Franck J, Aleman S, Birk M. Hepatitis C infection among injection drug users in Stockholm Sweden: prevalence and gender. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(9):679\u201384.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4581_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26431","volume":"58","author":"NK Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin NK, Vickerman P, Grebely J, Hellard M, Hutchinson SJ, Lima VD, Foster GR, Dillon JF, Goldberg DJ, Dore GJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals. Hepatology. 2013;58(5):1598\u2013609.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4581_CR9","unstructured":"Prisons and Health. \nhttp:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0005\/249188\/Prisons-and-Health.pdf\n\n. Accessed 2 Apr 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"4581_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26387","volume":"58","author":"S Larney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larney S, Kopinski H, Beckwith CG, Zaller ND, Jarlais DD, Hagan H, Rich JD, van den Bergh BJ, Degenhardt L. Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2013;58(4):1215\u201324.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"21","key":"4581_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i21.2323","volume":"7","author":"R Zampino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli C, Di Caprio G, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis C virus infection and prisoners: epidemiology, outcome and treatment. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(21):2323\u201330.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"4581_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-981","volume":"13","author":"M Brandolini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brandolini M, Novati S, De Silvestri A, Tinelli C, Patruno SF, Ranieri R, Seminari E. Prevalence and epidemiological correlates and treatment outcome of HCV infection in an Italian prison setting. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:981.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4581_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.12.003","volume":"6","author":"HI Mohamed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohamed HI, Saad ZM, Abd-Elreheem EM, Abd-ElGhany WM, Mohamed MS, Abd Elnaeem EA, Seedhom AE. Hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV infection among Egyptian prisoners: seroprevalence, risk factors and related chronic liver diseases. J Infect Public Health. 2013;6(3):186\u201395.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-868216972013","volume":"46","author":"LA Barros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barros LA, Pessoni GC, Teles SA, Souza SM, Matos MA, Martins RM, Del-Rios NH, Matos MA, Carneiro MA. Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of metropolitan regional prison complex in the state of Goias, Central Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2013;46(1):24\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9626-x","volume":"89","author":"B Treso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treso B, Barcsay E, Tarjan A, Horvath G, Dencs A, Hettmann A, Csepai MM, Gyori Z, Rusvai E, Takacs M. Prevalence and correlates of HCV, HVB, and HIV infection among prison inmates and staff, Hungary. J Urban Health. 2012;89(1):108\u201316.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4581_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1166-5","volume":"30","author":"P Saiz de la Hoya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saiz de la Hoya P, Marco A, Garcia-Guerrero J, Rivera A. Prevalhep study g: Hepatitis C and B prevalence in Spanish prisons. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(7):857\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv183","volume":"26","author":"C Jacomet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jacomet C, Guyot-Lenat A, Bonny C, Henquell C, Rude M, Dydymski S, Lesturgeon JA, Lambert C, Pereira B, Schmidt J. Addressing the challenges of chronic viral infections and addiction in prisons: the PRODEPIST study. Eur J Pub Health. 2016;26(1):122\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169195","volume":"12","author":"MA Puga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puga MA, Bandeira LM, Pompilio MA, Croda J, Rezende GR, Dorisbor LF, Tanaka TS, Cesar GA, Teles SA, Simionatto S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of HCV infection among prisoners in Central Brazil. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169195.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13017","volume":"26","author":"S Morey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morey S, Hamoodi A, Jones D, Young T, Thompson C, Dhuny J, Buchanan E, Miller C, Hewett M, Valappil M, et al. Increased diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C in prison by universal offer of testing and use of telemedicine. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(1):101\u20138.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"4581_CR20","volume-title":"Peer Brehm Christensen: Blood borne viral infections, liver fibrosis and drug habits in a Danish prison population In: EASL The International Liver Congress 2018","author":"BM Jacob S\u00f8holm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob S\u00f8holm BM, Holm DK. Peer Brehm Christensen: Blood borne viral infections, liver fibrosis and drug habits in a Danish prison population In: EASL The International Liver Congress 2018. Paris: France; 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"4581_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy210","volume":"67","author":"SR Bartlett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartlett SR, Fox P, Cabatingan H, Jaros A, Gorton C, Lewis R, Priscott E, Dore GJ, Russell DB. Demonstration of near-elimination of hepatitis C virus among a prison population: the Lotus Glen correctional Centre hepatitis C treatment project. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(3):460\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.08.016","volume":"56","author":"SA Assoumou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Assoumou SA, Wang J, Tasillo A, Eftekhari Yazdi G, Tsui JI, Strick L, Linas BP. Hepatitis C testing and patient characteristics in Washington State's prisons between 2012 and 2016. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(1):8\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"4581_CR23","unstructured":"Kriminalv\u00e5rd och statistik 2017. \nhttps:\/\/www.kriminalvarden.se\/globalassets\/forskning_statistik\/kos-2017-kriminalvard-och-statistik.pdf\n\n. Accessed 28 Mar 2019."},{"key":"4581_CR24","unstructured":"Riskbeteenden, hiv och hepatit bland personer som injicerade droger i Stockholm 1987\u20131998. \nhttps:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/contentassets\/68d426c2131e4b15ae5c220829ea21d4\/riskbeteenden-hiv-hepatit-bland-personer-injicerade-droger-1987-1998_15040-webb.pdf\n\n. Accessed 2 Apr 2019."},{"key":"4581_CR25","unstructured":"Behandling f\u00f6r hepatit C p\u00e5 anstalt. \nhttps:\/\/www.lakemedelsvarlden.se\/behandling-for-hepatit-c-pa-anstalt\/\n\n. Accessed 3 Apr 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2015-0025","volume":"12","author":"MM Mina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mina MM, Herawati L, Butler T, Lloyd A. Hepatitis C in Australian prisons: a national needs assessment. Int J Prison Health. 2016;12(1):3\u201316.","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"4581_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031811-124614","volume":"33","author":"DM Dumont","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dumont DM, Brockmann B, Dickman S, Alexander N, Rich JD. Public health and the epidemic of incarceration. Annu Rev Public Health. 2012;33:325\u201339.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4581_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.026","volume":"69","author":"J-M Pawlotsky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pawlotsky J-M, Negro F, Aghemo A, Berenguer M, Dalgard O, Dusheiko G, Marra F, Puoti M, Wedemeyer H. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):461\u2013511.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"4581_CR29","unstructured":"Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. \nhttp:\/\/www.hcvguidelines.org\n\n. Accessed 7 July 2019."},{"key":"4581_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4297","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4297","volume":"6","author":"Y-C Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu Y-C, Yeh C-C, Chen R-Y, Su C-T, Wang W-C, Bai C-H, Chan C-F, Su FH. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan 30 years after the commencement of the national vaccination program. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4297.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4581_CR31","unstructured":"Rekommendationer om vaccination mot hepatit B. \nhttps:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/publicerat-material\/publikationsarkiv\/r\/rekommendationer-om-vaccination-mot-hepatit-b-\/?"},{"issue":"11","key":"4581_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x","volume":"106","author":"KM Turner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turner KM, Hutchinson S, Vickerman P, Hope V, Craine N, Palmateer N, May M, Taylor A, De Angelis D, Cameron S, et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction. 2011;106(11):1978\u201388.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10049","key":"4581_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4","volume":"388","author":"K Dolan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dolan K, Wirtz AL, Moazen B, Ndeffo-Mbah M, Galvani A, Kinner SA, Courtney R, McKee M, Amon JJ, Maher L, et al. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1089\u2013102.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4581_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.051599","volume":"62","author":"MF Vescio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vescio MF, Longo B, Babudieri S, Starnini G, Carbonara S, Rezza G, Monarca R. Correlates of hepatitis C virus seropositivity in prison inmates: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(4):305\u201313.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3242-2","volume":"18","author":"K Kivimets","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kivimets K, Uuskula A, Lazarus JV, Ott K. Hepatitis C seropositivity among newly incarcerated prisoners in Estonia: data analysis of electronic health records from 2014 to 2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):339.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1940-0640-8-20","volume":"8","author":"K Tassiopoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tassiopoulos K, Bernstein J, Bernstein E. Age and sharing of needle injection equipment in a cohort of Massachusetts injection drug users: an observational study. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2013;8(1):20.","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"4581_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750023246","volume":"35","author":"G Hoffmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoffmann G, Berglund G, Elmstahl S, Eriksson S, Verbaan H, Widell A, Lindgren S. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of chronic viral hepatitis in a middle-aged Swedish general urban population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(8):861\u20135.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4581_CR38","unstructured":"Hiv idag. \nhttps:\/\/www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/hividag\/om-hiv\/\n\n. Accessed 2 Apr 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"4581_CR39","first-page":"306","volume":"7","author":"RL Gilbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilbert RL, Costella A, Piper M, Gill ON. Increasing hepatitis B vaccine coverage in prisons in England and Wales. Commun Dis Public Health. 2004;7(4):306\u201311.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13944","volume":"113","author":"NE Palmateer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmateer NE, Goldberg DJ, Munro A, Taylor A, Yeung A, Wallace LA, Mitchell A, Shepherd SJ, Gunson RN, Aitken C, et al. Association between universal hepatitis B prison vaccination, vaccine uptake and hepatitis B infection among people who inject drugs. Addiction. 2018;113(1):80\u201390.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"4581_CR41","unstructured":"Kriminalv\u00e5rd och statistik 2018. \nhttps:\/\/www.kriminalvarden.se\/globalassets\/publikationer\/kartlaggningar-och-utvarderingar\/kos-2018.pdf\n\n. Accessed 10 Aug 2019."},{"issue":"12","key":"4581_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12998","volume":"25","author":"H Vroling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vroling H, Oordt-Speets AM, Madeddu G, Babudieri S, Monarca R, O'Moore E, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M, Wolff H, Montanari M, Hedrich D, et al. A systematic review on models of care effectiveness and barriers to hepatitis C treatment in prison settings in the EU\/EEA. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(12):1406\u201322.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"4581_CR43","unstructured":"Nationella Programomr\u00e5den. \nhttps:\/\/skl.se\/halsasjukvard\/kunskapsstodvardochbehandling\/systemforkunskapsstyrning\/nationellaprogramomraden.1814.html\n\n. Accessed 7 July 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxy001","volume":"40","author":"L Tavoschi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tavoschi L, Vroling H, Madeddu G, Babudieri S, Monarca R, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M, Beer N, Gomes Dias J, O\u2019Moore \u00c9, Hedrich D, et al. Active case finding for communicable diseases in prison settings: increasing testing coverage and uptake among the prison population in the European Union\/European economic area. Epidemiol Rev. 2018;40(1):105\u201320.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"4581_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354917732755","volume":"132","author":"C de la Flor","year":"2017","unstructured":"de la Flor C, Porsa E, Nijhawan AE. Opt-out HIV and hepatitis C testing at the Dallas County jail: uptake, prevalence, and demographic characteristics of testers. Public Health Rep. 2017;132(6):617\u201321.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"4581_CR46","unstructured":"Lara B, Strick MD. HIV screening of male inmates during prison intake medical evaluation--Washington, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(24):811\u20133."},{"key":"4581_CR47","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention. Revised CDC recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings: annotated guide. 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"4581_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0230-1","volume":"15","author":"R Bielen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bielen R, Stumo SR, Halford R, Werling K, Reic T, St\u00f6ver H, Robaeys G, Lazarus JV. Harm reduction and viral hepatitis C in European prisons: a cross-sectional survey of 25 countries. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):25.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T00:25:01Z","timestamp":1604795101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4581-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In this retrospective study, no written informed consent was collected from the study objects, according to the permission from the Ethical Review Board of Stockholm, dnr 2017\/197\u201331\/4. This to avoid potential bias of losing objects leading to less accurate results, and under the condition that the objects\u2019 identities will only be known to the nurse from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service collecting the data, and only anonymized data will be known to the researchers. By usage of anonymized data it was considered reasonable not to require objects\u2019 consent and the advantage of increased knowledge was considered to outweigh eventual disadvantages. The nurse from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service was granted in the obtained permission to access and collect the data in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"K. L. has received honoraria for lectures\/consultancy fee from AbbVie, Gilead, BMS and MSD and research grant from Abbvie and MSD. F. \u00d6. has received honoraria for lectures from AbbVie. O. D. has received honoraria for lectures\/consultancy fee from AbbVie, Gilead, MSD\/Merck and research grants from AbbVie, Gilead, and MES\/Merck. A.D. has received honoraria for lectures\/consultancy fee from AbbVie, BMS, Gilead and MSD. S. A. has received honoraria for lectures\/consultancy fee from AbbVie, BMS, Gilead, MSD\/Merck and research grants from AbbVie and Gilead.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"955"}}