{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:08:33Z","timestamp":1792084113761,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bacterial infection of the urinary tract is among the common reasons for seeking medical attention in the community. Rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance of uropathogens is resulting in limited treatment options. Therefore, knowledge of the current uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility is important for better treatment of urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to September thirty, 2017 among students who came to Mekelle University student\u2019s clinics with symptomatic urinary tract infection during the study period.. Mid-stream urine specimens were collected from 341individuals with suspected urinary tract infection for bacteriological identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data on socio-demographic, clinical and risk factors were also collected using a structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the 341 study participants, 72(21.1%) showed significant bacteriuria. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (48.6%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (23%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (13.5%), and <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> (8.1%) were common bacterial isolates. Resistance to ampicillin (81\u2013100%), amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (77\u201393.6%), co- trimoxazole (55 72.3%), nalidixic acid (57.4%) and tetracycline (46\u201355.5%) was seen by most isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed in 73% of the bacterial isolates, and 25.5% of the Gram-negative isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Being female, a history of urinary tract infection, a history of catheterization and frequent sexual activity were found to be statistically associated with urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Urinary tract infection is a problem among university students with a prevalence of 21.1%. All isolates have developed resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, health education on the transmission and causes of urinary tract infection are recommended for the students.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T15:36:12Z","timestamp":1573227372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6280-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guesh","family":"Gebremariam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haftom","family":"Legese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemane","family":"Woldu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadele","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiflom","family":"Hagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"GebreyesusWasihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"4610_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2016.7956","volume":"10","author":"OO Michael","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michael OO, Adenike AV. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles among students of a tertiary institution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2016;10(15):505\u201310.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"4610_CR2","first-page":"251","volume":"12","author":"B Derese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derese B, Kedir H, Teklemariam Z, Weldegebreal F, Balakrishnan S. Bacterial profile of urinarytract infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pregnant women attendingat antenatal Clinic in Dil Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:251\u201360.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.4830","volume":"6","author":"R Khoshbakht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khoshbakht R, Salimi A, Shirzad HA, Keshavarzi H. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Karaj, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013;6(1):86\u201390.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"4610_CR4","first-page":"7","volume":"2","author":"HB Gabriel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabriel HB, Shehu F. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial etiologies of urinary tract infections among students attending Sick-Bay of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. Edorium J Microbiol. 2016;2:7\u201312.","journal-title":"Edorium J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.149790","volume":"5","author":"S Vyas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vyas S, Varshney D, Sharma P, Juyal R, Nautiyal V, Shrotriya VP. An overview of the predictors of symptomatic urinary tract infection among nursing students. Anal Med Health Sci Res. 2015;5(1):54\u20138.","journal-title":"Anal Med Health Sci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR6","first-page":"213","volume":"3","author":"OJ Akinjogunla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akinjogunla OJ, Divine-Anthony O. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among apparently healthy undergraduate students in uyo, South-South, Nigeria. ARRB. 2013;3(3):213\u201325.","journal-title":"ARRB"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A Agersew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agersew A, Chandrasekhar U. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection causing human pathogenic bacteria among symptomatic outpatients, visiting Gondar University hospital Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Novus Int J Med Sci. 2013;2(2):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Novus Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"4610_CR8","first-page":"678","volume":"5","author":"T Eticha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eticha T. Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics among Adi-haqi Campus students of Mekelle University, Ethiopia. IJPSR. 2014;5:678\u201384.","journal-title":"IJPSR"},{"key":"4610_CR9","first-page":"29","volume":"62","author":"R Omoregie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Omoregie R, Erebor JO, Ahonkhai I, Isibo JO, Ogefere HO. Observed changes in the prevalence of uropathogens in Benin City, Nigeria. N Z J Med Lab Sci. 2008;62:29\u201331.","journal-title":"N Z J Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"4610_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1086\/514007","volume":"175","author":"B Foxman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Foxman B, Zhang L, Tallman P, Bonnie CA, Ann MG, James SK, et al. Transmission of Uropathogens between sex partners. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:989\u201392.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4610_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016153","volume":"57","author":"CT Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei CT, Piotr MC. Urinary tract infections in adults. Singap Med J. 2016;57(9):485\u201390.","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"4610_CR12","first-page":"621","volume":"7","author":"TL Griebling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Griebling TL. Urinary tract infection in men. NIH. 2007;7:621\u201345.","journal-title":"NIH"},{"key":"4610_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"PD Olson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olson PD, Hruska KA, Hunstad DA. Androgens enhance male urinary tract infection severity in a new model. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;27:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4610_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114185","volume":"9","author":"V Nienhouse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nienhouse V, Gao X, Dong Q, Nelson DE, Toh E, McKinley K, et al. Interplay between bladder microbiota and urinary antimicrobial peptides: mechanisms for human urinary tract infection risk and symptom severity. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):114\u201385.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4610_CR15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing;15th International supplement. CLSI document M100 S15","author":"CLSI","year":"2005","unstructured":"CLSI: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing;15th International supplement. CLSI document M100 S15, Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.2005;25(6):1\u2013215."},{"key":"4610_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Z Daoud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daoud Z, Afif C. Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections of Lebanese patients between 2000 and 2009: epidemiology and profiles of resistance. Chemother Res Pract. 2011;6:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Chemother Res Pract"},{"key":"4610_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","volume":"13","author":"AL Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:271\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4610_CR18","first-page":"26","volume":"14","author":"T Mpotane","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mpotane T, Ntswabule V, Mcpherson C, Botes E. The role of toilet hygiene in transmission of vaginal and urinary tract infections in Huis Welgemoed, Cut campu. AJMR. 2012;14:26\u201331.","journal-title":"AJMR"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.182383","volume":"27","author":"M Fouad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fouad M, Boraie M. Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities among adolescents. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27(3):500\u20136.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"4610_CR20","first-page":"152","volume":"4","author":"DC Nwosu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nwosu DC, Amajioyi O, Ibebuike JE, Ozims SJ. Prevalence of bacterial and parasitic urinary tract infections in female students of Imo state University. WJPPS. 2015;4(5):152\u201367.","journal-title":"WJPPS"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR21","first-page":"121","volume":"22","author":"T Demilie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W. Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in north West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22(2):121\u20138.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4610_CR22","first-page":"3265","volume":"6","author":"BJ Deepthy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deepthy BJ, Suresh G, Saleel M. Study of the spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens isolated from hospital and community patients. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2015;6(4):3265\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR23","first-page":"35","volume":"2","author":"OJ Olayemi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olayemi OJ, Olayinka BO, Musa AI. Evaluation of antibiotic self-medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main campus), Zaria. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2010;2(1):35\u20138.","journal-title":"Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.9734\/BJPR\/2014\/5972","volume":"4","author":"MO Afolabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afolabi MO, Macarthy L, Osemene KP. Use of antimicrobial medicines among UniversityStudents in Sierra Leone. BJPR. 2014;4(1):101\u201312.","journal-title":"BJPR"},{"key":"4610_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9103519","volume":"9","author":"ES Donkor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Donkor ES, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Nartey P, Agyeman IO. Self-medication with antibiotics among tertiary level students in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:3519\u201329.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4610_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2673-1","volume":"35","author":"E Stefaniu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stefaniu E, Suchocka U, Bosacka K, Hryniewicz W. Etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired urinary tract infections in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35:1363\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4610_CR27","first-page":"251","volume":"12","author":"D Behailu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behailu D, Haji KZ, Fitsum W, Senthilkumar B. Bacterial profile of urinarytract infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pregnant women attendingat antenatal Clinic in Dil Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:251\u201360.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"4610_CR28","first-page":"111","volume":"12","author":"OS Alabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alabi OS, Onyenwe NE, Satoye KA, Adeleke OE. Prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing isolates from asymptomatic bacteriuria among students in a tertiary institution in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Nat Sci. 2014;12(4):111\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nat Sci"},{"key":"4610_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-292","volume":"6","author":"T Emiru","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emiru T, Beyene G, Tsegaye W, Melaku S. Associated risk factors ofurinary tract infection among pregnant women at Felege Hiwot referral hospital, BahirDar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:292.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"4610_CR30","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Biochemical tests to identify bacteria. In District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 2","author":"M Cheesbrough","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheesbrough M. Biochemical tests to identify bacteria. In District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000. p. 63\u201370."},{"key":"4610_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pan drug-resistantbacteria:an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4610_CR32","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-Six Informational Supplement. Wayne, 2016; 36(1)."},{"key":"4610_CR33","first-page":"7","volume":"2","author":"HG Bishop","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bishop HG, Shehu F. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial etiologies of urinary tract infections among students attending Sick-Bay of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. Edorium J Microbiol. 2016;2:7\u201312.","journal-title":"Edorium J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR34","first-page":"189","volume":"8","author":"A Yusuf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yusuf A, Begum A, Ahsan CR. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram negative uropathogenicbacilli at a private hospital in Dhaka city. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2015;8(3):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Al Ameen J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR35","first-page":"112","volume":"27","author":"G Kabew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabew G, Abebe T, Miheret A. A retrospective study on prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections in Tikur Anbessa specialized teaching hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2013;27(2):112\u20137.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR36","first-page":"323","volume":"5","author":"YB Ngwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ngwa YB, Iliyasu H, Young E, Owuna G. Bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli isolated from urine of asymptomatic university students in kef, Nigeria. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2012;5(1):323\u20137.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"4610_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2013.34033","volume":"3","author":"F Ayoade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ayoade F, Moro DD, Ebene OL. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of asymptomatic urinary tract infections of bacterial and parasitic origins among university students in redemption camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. OJMM. 2013;3:219\u201326.","journal-title":"OJMM"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR38","first-page":"442","volume":"15","author":"E Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma E, Thakuriya R, Kumar HG. Study of predictors of urinary tract infections in nursing. IJRTSAT. 2015;15(3):442\u20133.","journal-title":"IJRTSAT"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR39","first-page":"38","volume":"4","author":"CA Nsofor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nsofor CA, Obijuru CE, Ozokwor CL. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among female students of a tertiary institution in southeast Nigeria. AJRPSB. 2016;4(2):38\u201344.","journal-title":"AJRPSB"},{"issue":"4","key":"4610_CR40","first-page":"145","volume":"5","author":"MD Wogu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wogu MD, Ogbebor NE. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in secondary schoolstudents in Benin City. EIJMR. 2011;5(4):145\u201351.","journal-title":"EIJMR"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR41","first-page":"66","volume":"5","author":"OO Helen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helen OO, Ossai OS. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among secondary school students in Benin City, Nigeria. JPHE. 2013;5(2):66\u20139.","journal-title":"JPHE"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2016\/22390","volume":"12","author":"AO Christiana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christiana AO, Perpetua ON, Obasi OS. Burden of urinary tract infection among female students: south eastern Nigeria side of the story. IJTDH. 2016;12(2):1\u20137.","journal-title":"IJTDH"},{"key":"4610_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v12i2.9","volume":"12","author":"S Melaku","year":"2012","unstructured":"Melaku S, Kibret M, Abera B, Gebre-Sellassie S. Antibiogram of nosocomial urinary tract infections in Felege Hiwot referral hospital from Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12:134\u20139.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4610_CR44","first-page":"23","volume":"46","author":"GN Kurt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kurt GN. Treatment options for acute uncomplicated cystitis in adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46(1):23\u20137.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4610_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-197","volume":"5","author":"A Alemu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alemu A, Moges F, Shiferaw Y, Tafess K, Kassu A, Anagaw B, et al. Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at university of Gondar teaching Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:197.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"4610_CR46","first-page":"22344","volume":"7","author":"OB Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed OB. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in Khartoum, Sudan. Int J Curr Res. 2015;7(11):22344\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4610_CR47","first-page":"889","volume":"2","author":"G Yismaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yismaw G, Asrat D, Woldeamanuel Y, Unakal CG. Urinary tract infection: bacterial etiologies, drug resistance profile and associated risk factors in diabetic patients attending Gondar University hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia. Euro J Exp Bio. 2012;2(4):889\u201398.","journal-title":"Euro J Exp Bio"},{"key":"4610_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-12","volume":"14","author":"Y Wondimeneh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wondimeneh Y, Muluye D, Alemu A, Atinafu A, Yitayew G, Gebrecherkos T, et al. Urinary tract infection among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women's Health. 2014;14:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4610_CR49","first-page":"182","volume":"11","author":"AD Mwaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mwaka AD, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kigonya E, Kaddu-Mulindwa D. Bacteriuria among adult non-pregnant women attending Mulago hospital assessment Centre in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2011;11(2):182\u20137.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018063","volume":"6","author":"S Jadhav","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jadhav S, Hussain A, Devi S, Kumar A, Parveen S, Gandham N, et al. Virulence characteristics and genetic affinities of multiple drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a semi urban locality in India. Plos One. 2011;6(3):e18063 doi: 10.1371 \/journal .pone .0018063.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"4610_CR51","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Resistance to antibacterial agents. InMedical Microbiology and Infection ata Glance","author":"SH Gillespie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gillespie SH, Bamford KB. Resistance to antibacterial agents. InMedical Microbiology and Infection ata Glance. 4th ed. UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 20\u20132.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"4610_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68531","volume":"2","author":"D Rawat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rawat D, Nair D. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in gram negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(3):263\u201374.","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"4610_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.05.009","volume":"95","author":"J Seid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seid J, Asrat D. Occurrence of extended spectrum beta -lactamase enzymes in clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from Harar region, eastern Ethiopia. Acta Tropica. 2005;95:143\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"4610_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S127177","volume":"10","author":"ML Hailu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hailu ML, Mulugeta GW, Asrat D. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among Ethiopian children. Infect Drug Resi. 2017;10:27\u201334.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resi"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T00:13:32Z","timestamp":1604708012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4610-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was sought from Mekelle University, College of Health Science, and Health Research Ethics Review Committee (HRERC) and was granted accordingly with the reference number (ERC0949\/2017). Official support letters were submitted to the study clinics. Informed written consent was obtained from each study participant. Participants were also informed that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time and their medical records were kept strictly confidential. Culture and sensitivity results were communicated to the patient\u2019s respective clinician for beneficiary measures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Individual data such as images and videos did not accompany this particular manuscript and hence consent for publication is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"950"}}