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However, the carriage rates vary by country, demographic group and profession. This study aimed to determine the\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage rate in children in Eastern Uganda, and identify\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      lineages that cause infection in Uganda.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nasopharyngeal samples from 742 healthy children less than 5\u2009years residing in the Iganga\/Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Eastern Uganda were processed for isolation of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Antibiotic susceptibility testing based on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was determined by the BD Phoenix\u2122 system. Genotyping was performed by\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and SCC\n                      <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      typing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The processed samples yielded 144\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (one per child) therefore, the\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage rate in children was 19.4% (144\/742). Thirty one percent (45\/144) of the isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA) yielding a carriage rate of 6.1% (45\/742). All isolates were susceptible to rifampicin, vancomycin and linezolid. Moreover, all MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid and clindamycin. Compared to methicillin susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA) isolates (68.8%, 99\/144), MRSA isolates were more resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials \u2013trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole 73.3% (33\/45) vs. 27.3% (27\/99) [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001]; erythromycin 75.6% (34\/45) vs. 24.2% (24\/99) [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001]; chloramphenicol 60% (27\/45) vs. 19.2% (19\/99) [p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001]; gentamicin 55.6% (25\/45) vs. 25.3% (25\/99) [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004]; and ciprofloxacin 35.6% (16\/45) vs. 2% (2\/99) [p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001]. Furthermore, 42 MRSA (93.3%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and one exhibited high-level resistance to mupirocin. Overall, 61 MSSA (61.6%) were MDR, including three mupirocin and clindamycin resistant isolates. Seven\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types were detected among MRSA, of which t037 and t064 were predominant and associated with SCC\n                      <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      types I and IV, respectively. Fourteen\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types were detected in MSSA which consisted mainly of t645 and t4353.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage rate in healthy children in Eastern Uganda is high and comparable to rates for hospitalized patients in Kampala. The detection of mupirocin resistance is worrying as it could rapidly increase if mupirocin is administered in a low-income setting.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains of\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types t064, t037 (MRSA) and t645, t4353 (MSSA) are prevalent and could be responsible for majority of staphylococcal infections in Uganda.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4652-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1575291794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nasopharyngeal carriage, spa types and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from healthy children less than 5\u2009years in Eastern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Patrick","family":"Kateete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benon B.","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Mayanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Mujuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddie","family":"Bwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Najjuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"K\u00e4llander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizeus","family":"Rutebemberwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","volume":"5","author":"HF Wertheim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Nouwen JL. 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The parent studies obtained assent from parents\/guardians on behalf of the children to participate in the study, as well as consent for sample storage and future use of stored samples in further studies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"David Kateete is an editorial board member for BMC Infectious Diseases.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1023"}}