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To date, there is only a single case report describing <jats:italic>M. penetrans<\/jats:italic> as the causative agent of a severe respiratory tract infection in a HIV-negative patient.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this report, we describe the case of <jats:italic>M. penetrans<\/jats:italic> bacteremia in a HIV-negative, 38-year-old, female, immunocompromised, solid organ transplant patient (combined kidney and pancreas transplantation in 2016)<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> who was admitted to our hospital with anemic uterine bleeding and fever of 38.3\u2009\u00b0C. Several hours before her admission at our university hospital, a latex bladder catheter was inserted into her uterus and she complained about fatigue, dizziness and ongoing vaginal bleeding. Laboratory examination showed severe anemia, but microbiological examination was inconspicuous (culture negative vaginal and cervical smears, negative urine culture). Bacterial blood cultures showed a growth signal after 4\u2009h, but microscopic examination with Gram staining and subcultures on different agar media did not identify bacterial pathogens. To identify the bacterial cause of malignancy in the patient, metagenomic sequencing of the blood culture was performed that identified <jats:italic>M. penetrans.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Metagenomic sequencing identified <jats:italic>M. penetrans<\/jats:italic> in an immunosuppressed patient with culture-negative bacteremia. Clinicians should be aware of the opportunistic potential of <jats:italic>M. penetrans<\/jats:italic> that may cause severe infections in certain vulnerable patient populations and the limitations of culture and Gram staining for confirming the presence of fastidious bacterial pathogens like <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4723-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1578070963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mycoplasma penetrans bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient detected by metagenomic sequencing: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Preiswerk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Imkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Vorburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rico V.","family":"H\u00f6mke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoline","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4723_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5235.397","volume":"270","author":"CM Fraser","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O, Adams MD, Clayton RA, Fleischmann RD, Bult CJ, Kerlavage AR, Sutton G, Kelley JM. 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