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Microglia\/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in detection and subsequent elimination of pathogens and injured tissue in the brain. However, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of neuroschistosomiasis. The main purpose of the study is to clarify the pathological involvement of microglia\/macrophages in the pathogenesis of neuroschistosomiasis (NS).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Staining techniques were applied to the granuloma tissues excised from 4 patients, as well as mice model which was established by microinjecting viable <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> eggs into the brain. Clinical features of the patients and neurological symptoms in mice were also collected and analyzed in terms of their correlation with microglia\/macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Microglia\/macrophages constituted the major portions of the granulomas surrounding the eggs in both all human cases and <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> egg-injected mice. Granuloma persisted in all patients accompanied by unremitted neurological symptoms, while in mice granuloma formation initiated on day 3, peaked on day 7 and subsided on day 30 post injection with <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> eggs. No neurological abnormalities were observed in egg-injected mice except for significant weight decrease on day 3 compared with saline-injected control. M1 polarization of microglia\/macrophages was confirmed in egg-injected mice 3\u2009days post injection and in all human cases. M2 polarization was absent in human patients despite the duration of complaints but dominated in the whole progression of egg-induced pathology in mice until the elimination of eggs and subsidence of neuroinflammation on day 30 post injection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Microglia\/macrophages participated actively in the granuloma microenvironment of encephalic schistosomiasis japonicum in both human and mice. The polarization pattern of microglia\/macrophages coincided with the symptomatic features in human cases and <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> egg-injected mice, indicating M2 instead of M1 activation as a probably more important mediator in the battle against egg-induced pathology and concomitant manifestations. These new findings will shed light on the pathogenesis of NS from a brand-new perspective, and may contribute to the immunotherapy development for such disease, favoring perhaps M2 polarization of microglia\/macrophages as a feasible strategy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4725-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T16:02:51Z","timestamp":1577721771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Identification and characterization of microglia\/macrophages in the granuloma microenvironment of encephalic schistosomiasis japonicum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhoubin","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuowei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaqiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4725_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708729114","volume":"115","author":"NC Lo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lo NC, Gurarie D, Yoon N, Coulibaly JT, Bendavid E, Andrews JR, et al. 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