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The main factor contributing to this situation is the difficulty of establishing and maintaining quality prevention programs based on cytology. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HR-HPV testing on self-collected samples to detect cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and identify the best combination of screening tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 469 women, divided in two groups, were included in this study. The first group included 362 women that underwent three consecutively primary screening tests: self-collected sampling for HR-HPV detection, conventional cervical cytology and visual inspection under acetic acid (VIA). The second group included 107 women referred with a positive HR-HPV test that underwent conventional cervical cytology and VIA. The presence of high grade intraepithelial lesion (CIN 2+) or invasive cancer was verified by colposcopy and biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the screening group the sensitivity to detect high grade intraepithelial lesion (CIN 2+) or invasive cancer were 100, 76, 44% for the VIA, HR-HPV test and cytology, respectively. In the referred group, the sensitivity to detect high grade intraepithelial lesion (CIN 2+) or invasive cancer by VIA and cytology were 100 and 81%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>VIA and HR-HPV self-sampling were the best combination to detect CIN2+ lesions. Cytology analysis gave the poorest performance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-04963-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T09:02:58Z","timestamp":1585904578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the effectiveness of high-risk human papilloma self-sampling test for cervical cancer screening in Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Allende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Surriabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neli","family":"Ovando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4963_CR1","unstructured":"WHO | Cervical cancer, Accessed 23 Jan 2019. http:\/\/www.who.int\/cancer\/prevention\/diagnosis-screening\/cervical-cancer\/en\/."},{"key":"4963_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990924)83:1<59::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"83","author":"A Anttila","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anttila A, Pukkala E, S\u00f6derman B, Kallio M, Nieminen P, Hakama M. 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